本文選題：土地覆被 + 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能�。� 參考：《甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,人類日漸頻繁的活動極大的的引起了土地利用/覆被的變化,這不僅損害了自然環(huán)境生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能,而且影響到人類社會、經(jīng)濟與生態(tài)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。千年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)評估報告指出,全球近60%的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務正在或已經(jīng)發(fā)生著退化,維護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能受到大家的普遍關注,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能評估對于指導區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義,成為目前研究的熱點和前沿。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為人類提供多種多樣的產(chǎn)品和服務,是人類社會賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎。水源供給及土壤保持功能作為重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務,不僅是土壤形成、植被固著、水源涵養(yǎng)等的重要基礎,也是生態(tài)安全保障的重要方面。定量評估生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能及價值的方法主要是基于GIS的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能價值評估及權衡模型,在國內(nèi)外均已經(jīng)有較為成功的應用成果。對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能的定量研究可以讓人類對于保護自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要性、實現(xiàn)自然資源持續(xù)利用與環(huán)境保護和經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展有更為清楚的認知,同時也為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)綜合管理及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能維持、服務存在價值和生態(tài)補償機制提供理論基礎。本文采用CA-Markov模型及InVEST模型,以黃河源區(qū)為研究區(qū)域,運用氣象站點數(shù)據(jù)、土壤數(shù)據(jù)、高程數(shù)據(jù)、遙感解譯等數(shù)據(jù),首先對InVEST模型中的一系列數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)、指標等進行了計算處理和校驗,分別對研究區(qū)1990、2000、2010年水源供給、土壤保持這兩大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能進行模擬評估,進而對比分析在不同時期、不同土地覆被狀況、不同縣域下的生態(tài)服務功能的變化。最后,基于CA-Markov模擬出的黃河源區(qū)2020年的土地覆被圖對研究區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能進行模擬預測,并討論了氣候因素對生態(tài)服務功能的影響,主要結論如下:(1)黃河源區(qū)土地覆被狀況從1990-2010年經(jīng)歷了先退化后恢復的階段。在1990-2000年期間,土地覆被變化主要以向低生態(tài)級別為主且變化較為劇烈;在2000-2010年期間的恢復過程中,植被覆被類型的面積減少速率均大大降低。研究采用CA-Markov模型模擬預測了黃河源區(qū)2020年的土地覆被狀況表明研究區(qū)土地覆被有所好轉,可以看出在研究區(qū)實施的退耕還林還草政策及生態(tài)工程活動在源區(qū)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了較好的實施效果。(2)在空間分布上,研究區(qū)1990、2000、2010年的水源供給功能分布態(tài)勢是由東南部的若爾蓋、紅原等縣的高值區(qū)向位于西北部的曲麻萊、稱多、瑪多等縣的低值區(qū)過渡;而研究區(qū)1990、2000、2010年的土壤保持功能的分布狀態(tài)呈現(xiàn)出由研究區(qū)西南及中部的達日、甘德、久治、瑪沁、阿壩及興海等縣向位于西北方向的曲麻萊、瑪多等縣遞減的過程。(3)在1990-2010年黃河源區(qū)水源供給量一直呈現(xiàn)遞增的趨勢,從1990年源區(qū)水源供給總量為1.51×10~7 t,2000年增加到2.26×10~7 t,到2010年水源供給總量為2.7×10~7t,增加幅度逐漸放緩;1990-2010年土壤保持量經(jīng)歷了先減少后增加的趨勢,說明黃河源區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤保持功能正在好轉。(4)在數(shù)量上:黃河源地區(qū)不同覆被類型下單位面積水源供給能力依次為灌叢建設用地高覆蓋度草地中覆蓋度草地裸地林地低覆蓋度草地耕地濕地;黃河源地區(qū)不同覆被類型下單位面積土壤保持能力依次為林地灌叢高覆蓋度草地中覆蓋度草地低覆蓋度草地建設用地耕地濕地裸地�？梢娡寥辣３止δ芗八垂┙o功能的強弱與覆被類型和植被覆蓋程度密切相關。(5)黃河源區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能處于恢復狀態(tài),2020年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤保持功能增加,但增加幅度不大,整體呈現(xiàn)出中部高四周低的分布狀態(tài);同時源區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水源供給功能稍有增強,呈現(xiàn)出東南高西北低的狀態(tài)。氣候變化與人類活動也是影響著黃河源區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水源供給功能及土壤保持功能時空變化的重要原因。近年來黃河源區(qū)地表氣溫持續(xù)上升,氣候暖干化是導致源區(qū)草場退化、土地荒漠化、水土流失的重要原因之一,人類活動則可直接導致地表覆被的變化進而影響源區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能。(6)總體看來,土地覆被變化經(jīng)歷了從退化到緩和恢復的過程,黃河源區(qū)相應的的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能也隨之是在往好的方向發(fā)展,這表明基于土地覆被變化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能研究方法是可行的,因此保護土地覆被、加強研究區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管理與保護,遏制生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能退化十分必要。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of economy, the increasingly frequent human activities greatly caused by land use / cover change, this not only damages the function of ecosystem services in the natural environment, but also affect the sustainable development of human society, economy and ecological environment. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report pointed out that the ecosystem services of nearly 60% the world is or has been undergoing degradation, maintenance of ecosystem services has been widespread concern, the ecosystem service function evaluation has an important significance for guiding the regional sustainable development, become a hot spot of current research. The ecological system provides a variety of products and services for human beings, is the basis for the survival and development of human society. Supply of water and soil conservation as an important ecosystem services, not only is the formation of soil, vegetation fixing, an important basis for water conservation etc., Which is an important aspect of ecological security. The quantitative evaluation methods of ecosystem service function and the value of GIS is the main ecosystem services value evaluation and tradeoff model based on both at home and abroad have applied the results successfully. Quantitative study on ecosystem service function can make human importance for protecting natural ecological system realize the sustainable utilization of natural resources, environmental protection and sustainable development of the economy and have a more clear understanding, but also for the comprehensive management of ecological system and maintaining ecosystem function, service value and ecological compensation mechanism to provide a theoretical basis. This paper uses CA-Markov model and InVEST model, the source area of the Yellow River as the study area, using the data. Meteorological data of soil, elevation data, remote sensing data, the first of a series of data parameters in InVEST model, index etc. The processing and checking calculation, namely the study of 199020002010 years of water supply, soil conservation of the two ecosystem service function simulation evaluation, and then analyzed in different periods, different land cover conditions, changes in different counties under the ecological service function. The CA-Markov simulation, the source area of the Yellow River land in 2020 based on the graph covering of ecosystem services in the study area were simulated, and the effects of climate factors on ecosystem service function. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) land cover in the source area of the Yellow River was first undergone restoration after degradation stage from 1990-2010 years. During the 1990-2000 years, the main land cover change in the low level to the ecosystem and the change is more intense; during the recovery period of 2000-2010 years, the vegetation cover type area reduced rate was greatly reduced. The research uses CA-Markov model Simulation and prediction of 2020 the Yellow River source area of land cover conditions showed that land cover study area are improved, can be seen in the study area, the implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forest and ecological engineering activities in the source region has a better effect. (2) the spatial distribution of the study area, the water supply function for 199020002010 years the distribution trend is from southeast of Ruoergai, the high value area located in the northwest of Qumalai, Hongyuan County Chengduo, low value area of Maduo County transition; and the study area 199020002010 years of soil conservation distribution function shown by the research area of southwest and central dari, Gunther, Jigzhi, maqen Xinghai County, ABA and to the northwest of Qumalai, the process of decreasing Maduo County. (3) in the 1990-2010 years of water supply source area of the Yellow River has been showing increasing trend, from the total amount of water supply source in 1990 is 1.51 * 10~7 T, 2000 increased to 2.26 * 10~7 T, to 2010 the total water supply is 2.7 * 10~7t, the rate of increase slowed down; 1990-2010 years of soil conservation quantity experienced decreased first and then increased, indicating that the ecological system of the Yellow River source area soil conservation function is improving. (4) in number: the Yellow River source region different cover unit area water supply capacity under construction land types in shrub high coverage grassland coverage grassland woodland bare low coverage grassland farmland wetland; the Yellow River source region of different vegetation types under the soil conservation capacity per unit area were cultivated land wetland bare grassland low coverage grassland construction covered with woodland shrub high coverage of grassland. Soil conservation intensity and cover the visible function and water supply function type and vegetation cover are closely related. (5) the function of the ecosystem of the source regions of the Yellow River in a state of recovery, In 2020 the ecological system of soil conservation function increased, but increased slightly, showing the whole distribution of central high around low water supply system; and ecological function in the source regions slightly enhanced, showing lower southeast to northwest state. Climate change and human activities are also an important reason affecting the water supply system of ecological function and the source region of the Yellow River the spatial variation of the soil conservation function. In recent years the surface source area of the Yellow River rising temperatures, climate warming is the result of degenerate grassland, land desertification, soil erosion is one of the important reasons, human activities can directly lead to changes in land cover and the influence of the source area of the ecosystem service function (6) overall. It seems that land cover change has experienced a process from degradation to ease recovery, corresponding to the source region of the Yellow River ecosystem service function also is in a good direction, which indicates that The research method of ecosystem service function based on land cover change is feasible. Therefore, it is very necessary to protect land cover, strengthen the management and protection of ecosystem in research area, and curb the degradation of ecosystem service function.

【學位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X826

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