發(fā)布時間：2018-01-10 12:13

  本文關鍵詞：南四湖和東平湖浮游生物和底棲動物群落不同時間尺度的變化　出處：《山東大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 浮游生物 底棲動物 生物多樣性 水質 上行-下行效應

【摘要】：隨著經濟發(fā)展和頻繁的人類活動的干擾,湖泊生態(tài)健康出現(xiàn)了一系列問題,例如湖泊污染、生物多樣性下降、富營養(yǎng)化加重等。生物多樣性不僅是湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能的基礎,也是湖泊生態(tài)恢復成功的重要標志和生態(tài)健康評估的重要指標。浮游生物和底棲動物作為重要的湖泊水生生物,對湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動、信息傳遞和物質循環(huán)有重要影響。因此,研究浮游生物和底棲動物在不同時間尺度(年度和季節(jié)尺度)上的變化趨勢和主要影響因素對生物多樣性恢復和湖泊健康管理有重要意義。本論文以南四湖和東平湖作為研究區(qū)域,2015年春季和夏季分別采集南四湖和東平湖浮游生物和底棲動物樣品,在實驗室進行鑒定和計數(shù)。同時,分別采集兩個湖泊水質樣品,在實驗室進行總磷(TP)、總氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化學需氧量(COD_cr)和高錳酸鹽指數(shù)(COD_Mn)測定,野外觀測并記錄水溫、pH、溶解氧(DO)、葉綠素a、透明度(SD)等指標。結合2011-2014年南四湖水質、浮游生物和底棲動物的數(shù)據,本論文研究了南四湖2011-2015年浮游生物、底棲動物的年度變化,同時研究了 2015年南四湖和東平湖浮游生物、底棲動物的季節(jié)變化,并且進一步探究影響其變化的主要水質因素。此外,基于南四湖和東平湖水質和浮游生物數(shù)據,深入研究了上行-下行效應對浮游植物群落的影響。最后,本論文選擇水體理化因子指標、香農-威納指數(shù)和綜合營養(yǎng)指數(shù)對南四湖和東平湖水質和富營養(yǎng)化狀態(tài)進行了評價。主要研究結果如下:(1)浮游植物、浮游動物和底棲動物隨2011-2015年南四湖水質變化有不同的變化趨勢。浮游植物密度和生物量在2011-2013年逐年下降,在2014年顯著升高,2015年大幅度下降,達到最小值;生物多樣性(香農-威納指數(shù)和辛普森指數(shù))在2011-2014年變化不大,2015年降低。浮游動物密度在2011-2013年間有上升趨勢,從2014年開始下降;生物量的變化趨勢和密度變化趨勢恰好相反;香農-威納指數(shù)在2011-2013年間保持穩(wěn)定,2014-2015年上升,辛普森指數(shù)則變化不大。底棲動物密度和生物量在2011-2012年間有上升趨勢,2013年略微下降,2014年春季顯著降低,2015年持續(xù)下降;香農-威納指數(shù)在2014年顯著降低后在2015年顯著上升,辛普森指數(shù)只在2014年春季顯著下降。影響南四湖浮游植物年度變化的主要因素是總磷,浮游動物密度和生物量分別受到總磷和氨氮的影響,底棲動物主要受到水體氮磷和有機物含量升高的綜合影響。與浮游動物和底棲動物相比,浮游植物密度和生物量對水質變化更加敏感,響應更快。(2)南四湖浮游植物和底棲動物密度和生物量在夏季顯著升高,浮游動物則沒有顯著性變化。在多樣性(香農-威納指數(shù)和辛普森指數(shù))方面,這三類生物都沒有季節(jié)間的顯著性差異。影響浮游植物密度和生物量的因素主要是水溫和總磷,影響浮游植物多樣性的主要因素是水溫;總氮影響浮游動物密度,水溫、溶解氧、透明度影響浮游動物多樣性;影響底棲動物密度和生物量的主要因素是水溫和總磷。(3)東平湖浮游植物密度和生物量夏季顯著高于春季,香農-威納指數(shù)夏季顯著降低,辛普森指數(shù)沒有顯著性變化;浮游動物生物量夏季顯著高于春季,密度和多樣性沒有季節(jié)間的顯著差異;底棲動物無論是密度、生物量還是多樣性(香農-威納指數(shù)和辛普森指數(shù))都不存在季節(jié)間的顯著性差異。通過相關性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),水溫影響浮游植物密度和浮游動物生物量,浮游動物密度與pH顯著負相關,總磷影響底棲動物的密度和生物量,透明度則影響底棲動物多樣性(香農-威納指數(shù)和辛普森指數(shù))。(4)在南四湖和東平湖,浮游植物密度和生物量主要受到營養(yǎng)鹽(上行效應)的調控,浮游動物對浮游植物的捕食作用(下行效應)在兩個湖泊中均較弱。上行和下行效應存在季節(jié)間的變化。在南四湖,上行效應和下行效應在夏季都有減弱的趨勢;在東平湖,不同的營養(yǎng)鹽元素在季節(jié)間交替對浮游植物產生上行控制,下行控制在夏季有減弱的趨勢。(5)2015年南四湖和東平湖總體水質基本滿足Ⅲ類水標準,夏季水質比春季差,具體表現(xiàn)為總磷、總氮和化學需氧量的增加。利用浮游植物、浮游動物和底棲動物香農-威納指數(shù)進行水質評價結果是不同的。2015年南四湖和東平湖利用浮游植物香農-威納指數(shù)和浮游動物香農-威納指數(shù)評價為輕污染水體,用底棲動物香農-威納指數(shù)評價為清潔水體。香農-威納指數(shù)評價水質有些片面,結合水體理化因子才能全面客觀的評價湖泊水質情況。利用綜合營養(yǎng)指數(shù)評價2015年南四湖和東平湖的富營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)表明這兩個湖泊均處于中營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),且夏季富營養(yǎng)化程度加重。綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在年度和季節(jié)尺度上,浮游植物、浮游動物和底棲動物對水質變化都有差別化響應。其中,浮游植物密度、生物量和多樣性的變化更為顯著,在年度和季節(jié)間對水質變化響應最快。這三類生物對水質的差別化響應可以作為篩選水質指示生物的依據。在南四湖和東平湖,上行效應均表現(xiàn)出對浮游植物群落較強的影響。目前來說,南四湖和東平湖水質較好,利用綜合營養(yǎng)指數(shù)評價2015年南四湖和東平湖的富營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)表明這兩個湖泊均處于中營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),夏季比春季富營養(yǎng)程度加重。本研究結果有助于預測淡水湖泊浮游生物和底棲動物的變化趨勢以及其對水質變化的響應模式,為生物多樣性恢復和湖泊生態(tài)健康保護提供理論基礎。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and the frequent disturbance of human activities, the ecological health of the lake there are a series of problems, such as pollution, biodiversity loss, serious eutrophication. Biological diversity is not only the basis of lake ecosystem services, an important index is an important indicator of lake ecological restoration success and ecological health assessment plankton and benthic animal. As an important aquatic organisms, the energy flow of lake ecosystem, information transfer and material circulation has the important influence. Therefore, research on plankton and benthic animal in different time scales (annual and seasonal scale factors) change trend and the major effect has important significance for the restoration of biodiversity and the lake health management. In this paper, Nansi Lake and East Pinghu as the study area, the spring and summer of 2015 were collected in Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake plankton And benthic animal samples were identified and counted in the laboratory. At the same time, two water samples were collected for total phosphorus in the laboratory (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH_4~+-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD_cr) and permanganate index (COD_Mn) determination, field observation and record temperature, pH. The dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll a, transparency (SD) and other indicators. Combined with 2011-2014 years of Nansi Lake, plankton and benthic animal data, this paper has 2011-2015 years of Nansi Lake plankton, the annual variation of benthic animal, on 2015 in Nansi Lake and the east of Pinghu at the same time, the seasonal variation of plankton, benthic animal, and further explore the main factors affecting the change of water quality. In addition, the Nansi Lake and the East Pinghu water and plankton data based on the in-depth study of the impact of ascending - descending effect on phytoplankton community. Finally, this paper choose water Factor index, Shannon Wiener index and comprehensive nutrition index of Nansi Lake and East Pinghu water quality and eutrophication was evaluated. The main results are as follows: (1) the phytoplankton, planktonic and benthic animal animal with the water quality variations of 2011-2015 have different trends. The density and biomass of phytoplankton decreased in the year 2011-2013 in 2014 2015, increased significantly, decreased greatly and reaches the minimum value; Biodiversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index) little change in 2011-2014 in 2015. To reduce the upward trend in the planktonic animal density between 2011-2013, decreased from the beginning of 2014; biomass density change trend and the trend is opposite; Shannon Wiener index remained stable in the 2011-2013 years, 2014-2015 years up, Simpson index changed little. The density and biomass of benthic animal in 2011-2012 There is an upward trend, 2013 declined slightly, in the spring of 2014 decreased significantly, in 2015 continued to decline; Shannon Wiener index in 2014 was significantly lower in 2015 increased significantly, Simpson index decreased significantly only in the spring of 2014. The main factors influencing the annual variation of phytoplankton in Nansi Lake is phosphorus, animal density and biomass of zooplankton were influenced by total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen mainly affected by benthic animal, increased nitrogen and phosphorus in water and organic matter content. Compared with planktonic and benthic animal animal, density and biomass of phytoplankton is more sensitive to the change of water quality, faster response. (2) the phytoplankton and benthic animal density and biomass increased significantly in summer, planktonic animal has no significant change. In diversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index), there were no significant differences between the three kinds of the season. The biological effects of zooplankton The factors of plant density and biomass is mainly water and total phosphorus, main factors affecting the phytoplankton diversity is the water; influence of planktonic animal density, total nitrogen, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, affect planktonic animal diversity transparency; main factors influencing benthic animal density and biomass in water temperature and total phosphorus (3) and the density of phytoplankton. The biomass of East Pinghu in summer was significantly higher than that in spring and summer Shannon Wiener index decreased significantly, the Simpson index did not change significantly; planktonic animal biomass significantly higher in summer than in spring, there is no significant difference between seasons density and diversity of benthic animal; both the density, biomass and biodiversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index) there are no significant differences between seasons. Through correlation analysis found that the temperature effect of the density of phytoplankton and planktonic animal biomass, planktonic animal density negatively with pH. Effect of TP, density and biomass of benthic animal, benthic animal diversity affects the transparency (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index). (4) in Nansi Lake and Dongping lake, the density and biomass of phytoplankton is mainly affected by nutrients (up regulation effect), predation of planktonic animal on phytoplankton (downward effect) in two lakes were weak. The upstream and downstream effect of seasonal changes. In Nansi Lake, bottom-up and top-down effects have a decreasing trend in summer; in Dongping lake, different nutrient elements in season internodes alternately upstream control on phytoplankton, downlink control there is a decreasing trend in summer (. 5) 2015 Nansi Lake and East Pinghu overall water quality basically meet the class III water standards, water quality in summer than in spring, the specific performance increase of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and cod. The use of phytoplankton, planktonic animal The benthic animal and Shannon Wiener index of water quality evaluation results are different.2015 in Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake phytoplankton using the Shannon Wiener index and planktonic animal Shannon Wiener index evaluation for light polluted water, evaluation of benthic animal Shannon Wiener index for clean water. The Shannon Wiener index to evaluate the water quality in some one-sided, with the water physical and chemical in order to objectively evaluate the factors of lake water quality. The eutrophication evaluation in 2015 Nansi Lake and Dongping lake using comprehensive nutrition index shows that the two lakes were mesotrophic and summer eutrophication aggravation. In summary, this study found that the phytoplankton in annual and seasonal scales, animal plankton and benthic animal there are differences in response to the change of water quality. The variation of phytoplankton density, biomass and diversity is more significant in the inter annual and seasonal The change of water quality. The fastest response difference of these three kinds of biological response to water can be used as a biological indicator for screening of water quality. In Nansi Lake and Dongping lake, upward effect showed a stronger influence on the phytoplankton community. At present, the good and the East Pinghu Nansi Lake water quality, eutrophication evaluation of Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake in 2015 the comprehensive nutrition index shows that the two lakes were mesotrophic, eutrophic in summer than in spring increased trend. The results of this study can help to predict the freshwater lake plankton and benthic animal and its response to the change of water quality model, provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of biodiversity and ecology health protection.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q178;X524

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