本文選題：非洲大陸　切入點：GRACE　出處：《浙江大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：基于GRACE重力衛(wèi)星觀測區(qū)域水儲量的時空變化有利于探索區(qū)域水圈變化和水資源平衡情況,成為展現(xiàn)中長空間尺度水儲量變化情況的一個新方式。近年來,氣候變化、沙漠擴張以及經濟發(fā)展都對非洲大陸的水儲量分布造成了極大的影響。然而非洲大陸的水儲量變化信號強度不如南極洲、格陵蘭島和亞馬遜河流域等區(qū)域,非洲地區(qū)基于GRACE的水儲量變化研究為數不多,而且使用數據的時間跨度和版本都有所不足,研究范圍也不夠全面,變化明顯地區(qū)研究深度有限。溫度帶、干燥度、地形、植被等格局分布都會影響水儲量的變化,非洲大陸幅員遼闊,借助格局數據將非洲分為5個地理分區(qū):以沙漠為主的北部荒漠區(qū)、由荒漠向草原演變的中北過渡區(qū)、以剛果盆地為主的中部盆地區(qū)、以東非大裂谷為主的東部裂谷高原區(qū)和最南端的南部高原區(qū)。本文采用了 2003年1月份到2014年12月份之間的重力衛(wèi)星GRACE.等效水高數據反.演非洲大陸各地理分區(qū)水儲量時空變化,得到非洲大陸年內逐月變化和各地理分區(qū)年際變化。為了保證反演結果正確,選擇GLDAS-NOAH數據進行驗證,兩種數據相關性很好。非洲大陸水儲量年內最明顯的變化是范圍涉及中北過渡區(qū)、中部盆地區(qū)和東部裂谷高原區(qū)的旱/雨季現(xiàn)象,地理分區(qū)年際趨勢分析顯示2003～2014年非洲大陸除了中部盆地區(qū)外基本處于虧損趨勢。疊加2003～2014年的等效水高數據,年際虧損最明顯的地方分別對應著尼羅河流域、北部荒漠區(qū)和中北過渡區(qū)之間的薩赫勒地帶以及南部高原區(qū)西北部的卡拉哈里盆地三個地理單元,還有約翰內斯堡-比勒陀利亞地區(qū),結合DDI荒漠化指數數據、降水數據和夜光數據對這些虧損明顯的地區(qū)深入研究,分析引起水儲量變化的原因。結果表明:(1)尼羅河流域上游引起水儲量虧損的主要原因是坦桑尼亞境內的富特文勒冰川面積在縮減,肯尼亞的冰蓋也大范圍融化消退,導致赤道湖泊群水位下降,繼而引起水儲量的虧損。中游水儲量變化和DDI荒漠化指數呈強相關,虧損主要是由荒漠化擴張引起。流域內國家水儲量虧損嚴重,"水政治"問題依然存在著,水資源管理需要流域內各國加強合作。(2)結合GRACE數據、DDI荒漠化指數數據和降水數據,世界上荒漠化擴張最嚴重的薩赫勒地帶和卡拉哈里盆地水儲量呈現(xiàn)逐年虧損。非洲大陸荒漠化治理嚴重滯后,本文選取的荒漠化治理效果良好的陜西荒漠化監(jiān)測區(qū),荒漠化治理使得水儲量得到一定程度的恢復。基于GRACE研究荒漠化為監(jiān)測荒漠化提供了新的視角。(3)夜光數據顯示約翰內斯堡-比勒陀利亞地區(qū)是非洲大陸亮度最高,范圍最廣的經濟帶。水儲量變化和夜光影像灰度值變化呈負相關,水儲量小幅度虧損,且對比區(qū)研究結果顯示經濟帶年內水儲量變化和降雨的相關性減弱,經濟發(fā)展影響了該地區(qū)的水儲量變化。
[Abstract]:The temporal and spatial variation of regional water reserves observed by GRACE gravity satellite is beneficial to the exploration of regional hydrosphere change and water resources balance, and it becomes a new way to show the variation of water reserves on medium and long spatial scale. In recent years, climate change has been observed. Desert expansion and economic development have had a significant impact on the distribution of water reserves on the continent. However, the continent's water reserves change signals are not as strong as those in Antarctica, Greenland and the Amazon River basin. There are few studies on water reserve changes based on GRACE in Africa, and the time span and version of the data used are insufficient, the scope of the study is not comprehensive enough, the study depth of obvious regions is limited, the temperature zone, the dryness, the topography, the temperature zone, the dryness, the topography, The distribution of vegetation and other patterns will affect the change of water reserves, and the African continent has a vast territory. With the help of pattern data, Africa is divided into five geographical subzones: desert desert in the north, and the transitional region from desert to steppe in central and northern China. The central basin region, dominated by the Congo basin, The eastern rifting plateau and the southernmost southern highland region, dominated by the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, are used in this paper. The gravity satellite GraCE.Equivalent water height data from January 2003 to December 2014 are used to invert the equivalent water height data. Temporal and spatial variation of water reserves, In order to ensure that the inversion results are correct, the GLDAS-NOAH data are selected for verification. The most obvious change in the continent's water reserves during the year is the drought / rainy season in the north-central transitional region, the central basin region and the eastern rift valley plateau. The annual trend analysis of geographical regions shows that the African continent is basically in a deficit trend except for the central basin area from 2003 to 2014. When the equivalent water height data from 2003 to 2014 are superimposed, the most obvious interannual losses are corresponding to the Nile basin, respectively. The Sahelian belt between the northern desert and the north-central transitional zone and the three geographic units of the Kalahari basin in the north-west of the southern highlands, as well as the Johannesburg-Pretoria region, combined with DDI desertification index data, The precipitation data and the nocturnal light data deeply studied these areas where the losses were obvious. The results show that the main reason for the loss of water reserves in the upper reaches of the Nile River Basin is the shrinking area of the Futvinle Glacier in Tanzania and the widespread melting of the Kenyan ice sheet. As a result, the water level of the equatorial lake group drops and the water reserves are depleted. The variation of the water reserves is strongly correlated with the DDI desertification index. The deficit is mainly caused by the expansion of desertification. The water reserves of the countries in the basin are seriously depleted, and the problem of "water politics" still exists. The water resources management needs the countries in the basin to strengthen their cooperation. (2) combined with the GRACE data, the desertification index data and precipitation data are used. The water reserves in the Sahel and Kalahari basins, which have the most serious desertification expansion in the world, are losing money year by year. The desertification control area in Shaanxi Province, which has a good effect on desertification control, is seriously lagging behind in the African continent. Desertification control has restored water reserves to a certain extent. Based on the GRACE study, desertification provides a new perspective for desertification monitoring.) Night-light data show that the Johannesburg-Pretoria region is the continent with the highest brightness. The variation of water reserves is negatively correlated with the change of the gray value of nocturnal images, and the loss of water reserves is small. The results of the comparative study show that the correlation between the changes of water reserves and rainfall in the economic zones is weakened during the year. Economic development has affected changes in water reserves in the region.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P332

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