生物炭、過磷酸鹽和碳納米管對(duì)污染土壤中重金屬鉛、銅的鈍化效果研究：可移動(dòng)性和生物有效性
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2023-06-15 20:49
近年來,土壤重金屬污染已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全球性環(huán)境問題。在中國,土壤重金屬污染日益嚴(yán)重,重金屬污染土壤的點(diǎn)位超標(biāo)率已達(dá)16.1%。農(nóng)田土壤鉛(Pb)和銅(Cu)污染可能通過食物鏈轉(zhuǎn)移而對(duì)環(huán)境和健康形成嚴(yán)重的危險(xiǎn)。研究利用有機(jī)和無機(jī)材料治理土壤污染已經(jīng)取得較大進(jìn)展。在本研究中,通過室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)和盆栽實(shí)驗(yàn),研究了稻草及其制得生物炭、過磷酸鈣、多壁碳納米管、熱解的和非熱解的蓖麻殘?bào)w對(duì)重金屬鉛/銅污染土壤的鈍化效果;重點(diǎn)考察了鈍化劑對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)、植物對(duì)金屬的吸收、土壤溶液的金屬濃度、他們分布在不同的形態(tài)比例、金屬浸提特性、金屬生物有效性以及金屬流動(dòng)性等方面的影響。研究結(jié)果可以為重金屬鉛/銅污染土壤鈍化固定修復(fù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。首先,研究了稻草(RS)及其衍生生物炭(BC)、多層碳納米管(MWCNT)和過磷酸鈣(SSP)鈍化固定鉛和銅復(fù)合污染土壤的效果,通過BCR順序提取、毒性特征瀝濾方法(TCLP)、單一試劑提取(Ca Cl2)和簡(jiǎn)單生物有效性提取(SBET)等技術(shù)來評(píng)價(jià)幾種材料的有效性。BCR順序提取結(jié)果表明:隨著BC和SSP用量的增加,弱酸溶解態(tài)重金屬(鉛和銅)含量降低而可氧化態(tài)和殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)重金...
【文章頁數(shù)】：179 頁
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【文章目錄】：
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Environmental Pollutants
1.1.1 Heavy metals pollution in China
1.1.1.1 Lead pollution in soil
1.1.1.1.1 Forms and chemistry of Pb in soil
1.1.1.1.2 Lead effect on plants
1.1.1.2 Copper pollution in soil
1.1.1.2.1 Cu toxicities to human health
1.1.1.2.2 Effect of copper on plants growth
1.1.2 Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated soils
1.1.2.1 Immobilization Technique
1.1.2.1.1 Biochar
1.1.2.1.1.1 Effect of biochar on the immobilization of heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.2 Mechanism of interaction between biochar and heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.3 Potential effect of biochar on metals bioavailability
1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate induced heavy metals immobilization
1.1.2.1.2.1 Reactions of phosphate compounds in soils
1.1.2.1.2.2 Phosphate-induced metal adsorption
1.1.2.1.2.3 Pb mechanism in P amended soils
1.1.2.1.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
1.1.2.1.3.1 Adsorption properties of CNT
1.1.2.1.3.2 Adsorption affinity of different heavy metal ions on CNT
1.2 Aims of Study
2 CHAPTER II
2.1 SOIL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Sequential extraction of BCR
2.1.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
2.1.3 Simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET)
2.1.4 CaCl2 single extraction
3 CHAPTER III IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN POLLUTED SOIL BY SUPER PHOSPHATE, MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE, RICE STRAW AND ITS DERIVED BIOCHAR
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1 Soil characterization
3.2.2 Amendments
3.2.3 Incubation Experiment
3.2.3.1 Statistical analysis
3.3 RESULTS
3.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and EC
3.3.2 Amendments effect on BCR fractions of Pb and Cu
3.3.3 Amendments effect on TCLP-extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.4 Amendments effect on CaCl2- extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.5 Amendments effect on Pb bioaccessibility
3.4 DISCUSSION
3.5 CONCLUSION
4 CHAPTER IV ADSORPTION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY BIOCHAR AND SOIL AMENDED WITH BIOCHAR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1 Soil and biochar characterization
4.2.2 Characterization of soil and biochar
4.2.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
4.2.2.2 Fourier transformission infrared spectrometer (FTIR)
4.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.2.3 Incubation experiments
4.2.4 Adsorption experiment
4.2.5 Zeta Potential determination
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1 Effect of p H on adsorption of Pb and Cu
4.3.2 Adsorption isotherm of Pb and Cu
4.3.3 Effect on zeta potential
4.3.4 Characterization of the biochars
4.4 CONCLUSION
5 CHAPTER V EFFECT OF CARBONACEOUS AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION, SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD AND COPPER OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AND CONTINUOUS TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1 Soil characterization
5.2.2 Amendments
5.2.3 Crops
5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment
5.2.4.1 Analytical methods for plant enzymatic activities
5.2.4.2 Pb and Cu determination in plant
5.2.5 Soil chemical analysis
5.2.5.1 Statistical Analysis
5.3 RESULTS
5.3.1 Influence of amendments on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu
5.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leachability
5.3.3 Amendments effect on plants protein and chlorophyll contents
5.3.4 Amendments effect on tomato antioxidant enzymes activities
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.4.1 Impact of amendments on p H of soil, distribution and TCLP-extracable Pb and Cu in soil
5.4.2 Influences of amendments on biomass, antioxidant enzymatic activities anduptake of Pb and Cu by rapeseed and tomato
5.5 CONCLUSION
6 CHAPTER VI IMPACT OF INTEGRATED USE OF BIOCHAR, MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY FOR BRASSICA NAPUS (L.) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
6.2.1 Soil characterization
6.2.2 Amendments
6.2.3 Incubation experiment
6.2.4 Plant growth experiment
6.3 RESULTS
6.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu in soil
6.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leaching
6.3.3 Effect of amendments on phytoavailability of Pb and Cu in rapeseed
6.3.4 Amendments effects on total dry biomass, soluble protein and chlorophyllcontents
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.4.1 Impact of carbonaceous amendments on Pb and Cu distribution and uptakeby plants
6.4.2 Impact of integrated use of phosphate and carbonaceous amendments on Pband Cu distributions and uptake by plants
6.5 CONCLUSION
7 CHAPTER VII INFLUENCE OF PYROLYTIC AND NON-PYROLYTIC RICE AND CASTOR STRAWS ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.2.1 Soil characterization
7.2.2 Biochar for soil amendment
7.2.3 Incubation experiment
7.2.3.1 p H-CaCl2 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
7.2.3.2 Sequential extraction of BCR
7.2.3.3 Statistical analysis
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H
7.3.2 Fractionation of lead and copper
7.3.3 TCLP- extractable lead and copper
7.4 CONCLUSION
8 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS, NOVELTIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
8.1 General summarizing results
8.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
本文編號(hào)：3833646
【文章頁數(shù)】：179 頁
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【文章目錄】：
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER I BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.1 Environmental Pollutants
1.1.1 Heavy metals pollution in China
1.1.1.1 Lead pollution in soil
1.1.1.1.1 Forms and chemistry of Pb in soil
1.1.1.1.2 Lead effect on plants
1.1.1.2 Copper pollution in soil
1.1.1.2.1 Cu toxicities to human health
1.1.1.2.2 Effect of copper on plants growth
1.1.2 Remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated soils
1.1.2.1 Immobilization Technique
1.1.2.1.1 Biochar
1.1.2.1.1.1 Effect of biochar on the immobilization of heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.2 Mechanism of interaction between biochar and heavy metals
1.1.2.1.1.3 Potential effect of biochar on metals bioavailability
1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate induced heavy metals immobilization
1.1.2.1.2.1 Reactions of phosphate compounds in soils
1.1.2.1.2.2 Phosphate-induced metal adsorption
1.1.2.1.2.3 Pb mechanism in P amended soils
1.1.2.1.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
1.1.2.1.3.1 Adsorption properties of CNT
1.1.2.1.3.2 Adsorption affinity of different heavy metal ions on CNT
1.2 Aims of Study
2 CHAPTER II
2.1 SOIL PROPERTIES
2.1.1 Sequential extraction of BCR
2.1.2 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
2.1.3 Simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET)
2.1.4 CaCl2 single extraction
3 CHAPTER III IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN POLLUTED SOIL BY SUPER PHOSPHATE, MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE, RICE STRAW AND ITS DERIVED BIOCHAR
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2.1 Soil characterization
3.2.2 Amendments
3.2.3 Incubation Experiment
3.2.3.1 Statistical analysis
3.3 RESULTS
3.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and EC
3.3.2 Amendments effect on BCR fractions of Pb and Cu
3.3.3 Amendments effect on TCLP-extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.4 Amendments effect on CaCl2- extractable Pb and Cu
3.3.5 Amendments effect on Pb bioaccessibility
3.4 DISCUSSION
3.5 CONCLUSION
4 CHAPTER IV ADSORPTION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY BIOCHAR AND SOIL AMENDED WITH BIOCHAR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1 Soil and biochar characterization
4.2.2 Characterization of soil and biochar
4.2.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
4.2.2.2 Fourier transformission infrared spectrometer (FTIR)
4.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.2.3 Incubation experiments
4.2.4 Adsorption experiment
4.2.5 Zeta Potential determination
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1 Effect of p H on adsorption of Pb and Cu
4.3.2 Adsorption isotherm of Pb and Cu
4.3.3 Effect on zeta potential
4.3.4 Characterization of the biochars
4.4 CONCLUSION
5 CHAPTER V EFFECT OF CARBONACEOUS AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION, SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD AND COPPER OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) AND CONTINUOUS TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1 Soil characterization
5.2.2 Amendments
5.2.3 Crops
5.2.4 Greenhouse experiment
5.2.4.1 Analytical methods for plant enzymatic activities
5.2.4.2 Pb and Cu determination in plant
5.2.5 Soil chemical analysis
5.2.5.1 Statistical Analysis
5.3 RESULTS
5.3.1 Influence of amendments on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu
5.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leachability
5.3.3 Amendments effect on plants protein and chlorophyll contents
5.3.4 Amendments effect on tomato antioxidant enzymes activities
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.4.1 Impact of amendments on p H of soil, distribution and TCLP-extracable Pb and Cu in soil
5.4.2 Influences of amendments on biomass, antioxidant enzymatic activities anduptake of Pb and Cu by rapeseed and tomato
5.5 CONCLUSION
6 CHAPTER VI IMPACT OF INTEGRATED USE OF BIOCHAR, MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY FOR BRASSICA NAPUS (L.) IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
6.2.1 Soil characterization
6.2.2 Amendments
6.2.3 Incubation experiment
6.2.4 Plant growth experiment
6.3 RESULTS
6.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H and redistribution of Pb and Cu in soil
6.3.2 Effect of amendments on Pb and Cu leaching
6.3.3 Effect of amendments on phytoavailability of Pb and Cu in rapeseed
6.3.4 Amendments effects on total dry biomass, soluble protein and chlorophyllcontents
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.4.1 Impact of carbonaceous amendments on Pb and Cu distribution and uptakeby plants
6.4.2 Impact of integrated use of phosphate and carbonaceous amendments on Pband Cu distributions and uptake by plants
6.5 CONCLUSION
7 CHAPTER VII INFLUENCE OF PYROLYTIC AND NON-PYROLYTIC RICE AND CASTOR STRAWS ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.2.1 Soil characterization
7.2.2 Biochar for soil amendment
7.2.3 Incubation experiment
7.2.3.1 p H-CaCl2 and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
7.2.3.2 Sequential extraction of BCR
7.2.3.3 Statistical analysis
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.3.1 Amendments effect on soil p H
7.3.2 Fractionation of lead and copper
7.3.3 TCLP- extractable lead and copper
7.4 CONCLUSION
8 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS, NOVELTIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
8.1 General summarizing results
8.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
本文編號(hào)：3833646
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