【摘要】：隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,鉛鋅礦作為重要的礦產(chǎn)資源被廣泛的開采應(yīng)用在諸多領(lǐng)域,然而在開采過程中產(chǎn)生的尾礦由于其重金屬含量,養(yǎng)分貧瘠等特點導(dǎo)致了鉛鋅礦區(qū)以及周圍生態(tài)環(huán)境的生態(tài)破壞和環(huán)境污染尤其是重金屬污染,因此,尾礦作為一個特殊的礦山廢棄地,其生態(tài)修復(fù)工作不斷受到世界各國的重視,我國也投入了大量資金對尾礦庫的生態(tài)修復(fù)進(jìn)行不斷的研究,然而至今,國家對尾礦廢棄地尤其是鉛鋅尾礦廢棄地還未出臺相應(yīng)的修復(fù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),鉛鋅尾礦生態(tài)修復(fù)后的效果評價成了生態(tài)修復(fù)工作的難點和熱點,因此對生態(tài)修復(fù)工程修復(fù)之后評價指標(biāo)體系的構(gòu)建及研究十分必要,其修復(fù)效果評價工作可以為后續(xù)修復(fù)工作提供反饋和對同類型的尾礦廢棄地的生態(tài)修復(fù)效果評價工作提供借鑒和指導(dǎo)。我國南方地區(qū)的鉛鋅尾礦庫由于其特殊的地理環(huán)境,其在生態(tài)修復(fù)方面有著不同側(cè)重點,在分析了國內(nèi)外金屬尾礦及礦山廢棄地生態(tài)修復(fù)評價指標(biāo)的構(gòu)建和評價方法以及在野外實地調(diào)查、資料搜集的基礎(chǔ)上,并結(jié)合相關(guān)專家老師意見之后,選取了鉛鋅尾礦生態(tài)修復(fù)效果評價指標(biāo),評價指標(biāo)包括土壤理化性質(zhì)、植物群落性狀和重金屬污染狀況三個方面,通過層次分析法確定各指標(biāo)的權(quán)重,最后以資興市大腳嶺鉛鋅尾礦庫的生態(tài)修復(fù)工程為例進(jìn)行實證評價,運(yùn)用綜合評價法和模糊分析法給出了評價結(jié)果。主要內(nèi)容如下:(1)分析了我國鉛鋅尾礦的特點以及對生態(tài)環(huán)境造成的影響,總結(jié)并歸納了我國鉛鋅尾礦廢棄地生態(tài)修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展以及生態(tài)修復(fù)綜合評價的研究進(jìn)展。(2)以資興市大腳嶺鉛鋅尾礦庫生態(tài)修復(fù)工程為例,實地調(diào)查并分析了其在采取了一系列修復(fù)措施之后的近三年的土壤環(huán)境改善情況和植物群落生長狀況。結(jié)果顯示土壤理化性質(zhì)維持在中等水平,土壤養(yǎng)分狀況有所改善改善,但不明顯,植物生長狀況相對較好,物種相對豐富,2014年、2015年、2016年植被覆蓋率分別在75%、82%、97%,覆土層重金屬含量雖然有所增加,但是清潔范圍以內(nèi),只有Cd含量有一定量的超標(biāo)。人工濕地進(jìn)出水中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四種重金屬含量已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于地表水III類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值,表明繼續(xù)采用此系統(tǒng)是可行的;對土壤微生物群落多樣性分析表明,修復(fù)區(qū)和未污染區(qū)域的微生物多樣性差異不明顯,土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量良好。(3)對在鉛鋅尾礦生態(tài)修復(fù)后的綜合評價一般方法研究的基礎(chǔ)上,從土壤理化性質(zhì)、植物群落性狀和重金屬污染狀況三個方面選取了包括容重、pH、有機(jī)質(zhì)、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀、豐富度指數(shù)、植被覆蓋率、Pb污染指數(shù)、Zn污染指數(shù)、Cu污染指數(shù)、Cd污染指數(shù)在內(nèi)的12個指標(biāo),通過構(gòu)建基于層次分析法的鉛鋅尾礦生態(tài)修復(fù)效果評價模型確定了各級指標(biāo)的權(quán)重。(4)根據(jù)綜合評價法得出2014年、2015年、2016年最終評價得分為3.7101、4.1829、4.3733,和模糊評價法得出的一般、良好、良好具有高度的吻合度,說明構(gòu)建的評價指標(biāo)體系及評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對鉛鋅尾礦庫生態(tài)修復(fù)效果評價具有一定的指導(dǎo)作用。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy, the lead-zinc mine, as an important mineral resource, is widely used in many fields, but the tailings produced during the mining process are due to their heavy metal content, the characteristics of poor nutrient and the like lead to the ecological destruction of the lead-zinc and the surrounding ecological environment and the environmental pollution, in particular the heavy metal pollution, China has also invested a lot of funds to study the ecological restoration of the tailings pond, yet so far, the country has not issued the corresponding repair standard for the tailings, especially the lead-zinc tailings, The result of the ecological restoration of lead-zinc tailings has become the difficult point and the hot spot of the ecological restoration work, so it is necessary to construct and study the evaluation index system after the restoration of the ecological restoration project. The repair effect evaluation work can provide reference for the follow-up work and provide reference and guidance for the evaluation of the ecological restoration effect of the same type of tailings. Due to its special geographical environment, the lead-zinc tailings pond in the southern part of China has a different focus on the ecological restoration, and the construction and evaluation method of the index of the ecological restoration and evaluation of the metal tailings and the mine in the home and abroad are analyzed, and the field investigation is conducted in the field, On the basis of the data collection and combining with the relevant expert's opinions, the evaluation index of the ecological restoration effect of lead-zinc tailings is selected, and the evaluation indexes include three aspects of soil physical and chemical properties, plant community character and heavy metal pollution condition, and the weight of each index is determined through the level analysis method, The results of the evaluation are given by using the comprehensive evaluation method and the fuzzy analysis method. The main contents are as follows: (1) The characteristics of lead-zinc tailings in China and the impact on the ecological environment are analyzed, and the research progress and the progress of the comprehensive evaluation of the ecological restoration of lead-zinc tailings in China are summarized and summarized. (2) In order to improve the soil environment and plant community growth in the last three years after a series of repair measures have been carried out. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the soil are maintained at a moderate level, the soil nutrient status is improved, but it is not obvious that the plant growth is relatively good and the species are relatively rich. In 2014, the vegetation coverage rate in 2016 and 2016 is 75%, 82% and 97%, respectively. The heavy metal content of the overlying soil layer has increased, but within the cleaning range, only a certain amount of the Cd content is in excess of the standard. The heavy metal content of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in the water and water of the artificial wetland is much lower than the standard value of the surface water III, indicating that the system is feasible, and the diversity analysis of the soil microbial community shows that the difference between the microbial diversity of the repair area and the uncontaminated area is not obvious, The soil environment is of good quality. (3) On the basis of the general method of comprehensive evaluation after the ecological restoration of lead-zinc tailings, three aspects, including bulk density, pH, organic matter, alkali solution nitrogen, effective phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and richness index, are selected from three aspects of soil physical and chemical properties, plant community character and heavy metal pollution condition. 12 indexes including vegetation cover, Pb pollution index, Zn pollution index, Cu pollution index and Cd pollution index are established, and the weight of all levels of index is determined by constructing the evaluation model of the ecological restoration effect of lead-zinc tailings based on the analytic hierarchy process. (4) According to the comprehensive evaluation method, the final evaluation in 2014, 2015 and 2016 was divided into 3. 7101, 4. 1829, 4. 3733, and the general, good, good and high degree of coincidence from the fuzzy evaluation method. The evaluation index system and the evaluation criteria for the evaluation of the ecological restoration effect of the lead-zinc tailing reservoir have a certain guiding role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X171.4;X82

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