【摘要】：滿清入關(guān)之初,南部中國(guó)叛服不定,反清勢(shì)力活躍,清廷基于自身兵力的不足,繼承并發(fā)展了自皇太極以來(lái)團(tuán)結(jié)漢官的政策,在南部邊疆實(shí)行“藩鎮(zhèn)體制”,利用前明投降的漢人獨(dú)立軍團(tuán),穩(wěn)固滿洲貴族對(duì)南中國(guó)的統(tǒng)治。從順治七年,到康熙十九年,平南王尚氏主導(dǎo)著廣東政治,是廣東地方的頭號(hào)當(dāng)權(quán)派。清初繼承了明代的“海禁”政策,并在明鄭反清勢(shì)力的壓力下,不斷強(qiáng)化升級(jí)。以“遷界”為標(biāo)志,清代的海禁政策分為順治朝與康熙朝兩期,順治朝實(shí)行“限制性下�！�;康熙朝實(shí)行以遷界為手段的“無(wú)許片帆入�！�。遷界令要求瀕海居民在短時(shí)間內(nèi)無(wú)條件全部?jī)?nèi)遷,且“片板不許下水、粒貨不許越疆”,給沿海人民制造了巨大的民生災(zāi)難,廣東省尤甚。盡管對(duì)升級(jí)強(qiáng)化的“海禁”政策不以為然,但面對(duì)著清初國(guó)家對(duì)地方社會(huì)的強(qiáng)大執(zhí)行力,作為滿洲貴族統(tǒng)治的忠實(shí)擁躉,尚可喜還是盡力地履行了自身的職責(zé),另一方面,尚氏也積極的發(fā)揮了地方能動(dòng)性,在“澳門免遷”,“康熙七年提請(qǐng)復(fù)界”,“康熙十七年廣東不遷”的事件中,努力發(fā)揮作用,影響國(guó)家決策。尚氏對(duì)海禁政策的否定態(tài)度,絕不僅是出于對(duì)粵省沿海百姓的民生考慮。尚藩源于明末遼東東江鎮(zhèn),自帶明朝長(zhǎng)城沿線衛(wèi)所軍人操縱走私貿(mào)易的傳統(tǒng),來(lái)到廣東,順其自然的把持了粵省的對(duì)外貿(mào)易,“片板不許下水”式的海禁會(huì)妨礙廣東海上貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,這或許是尚氏反對(duì)海禁政策更重要的原因。自順治十年起,深諳海外貿(mào)易之道且“性貪好利”的尚可喜,就通過(guò)其控制下的廣東鹽市系統(tǒng)和藩下“王商”,把持暹羅、荷蘭的對(duì)華朝貢貿(mào)易及與東亞各國(guó)的海外貿(mào)易,而與荷蘭的走私貿(mào)易也在虎門秘密進(jìn)行。順治十二年后,南明勢(shì)力一蹶不振,清廷對(duì)廣東的統(tǒng)治逐漸穩(wěn)固,平南王在廣東的地位亦水漲船高。順治十七后,靖藩移鎮(zhèn)福建,廣東更是成了尚氏家族的“獨(dú)立王國(guó)”。尚可喜暮年驕恣,子女頗多,諸子皆不法,龐大的家族及其藩下家人,構(gòu)成了對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的巨大需求�？滴踉昶�,“海禁”升級(jí),但尚藩控制下的海上貿(mào)易并未因此受挫,“好利益甚”的平南王,利令智昏,憑借自身在粵省的權(quán)勢(shì),冒禁下澳貿(mào)易,利用藩下“王商”違法出海往販東亞各國(guó),在澳門附近海域大肆走私,在這一特殊時(shí)期,尚家?guī)缀鯄艛嗔嘶浭∪康膶?duì)外貿(mào)易。廣東自古以來(lái)是中外交往的要道,有著悠久的對(duì)外貿(mào)易傳統(tǒng),清初嚴(yán)厲的海禁,對(duì)廣東的對(duì)外貿(mào)易與交往是個(gè)不小的打擊,尚藩利用特權(quán)控制的走私貿(mào)易,盡管利入私家,但客觀上卻維系了過(guò)渡時(shí)期廣東與外界的交流,這為后來(lái)清朝的開(kāi)海設(shè)關(guān),重建與東南亞各國(guó)的貿(mào)易往來(lái),打下基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the rebellion of the southern China was indeterminate and the anti Qing forces were active. The Qing government, based on the shortage of its own forces, inherited and developed the policy of solidarity with the Han officials since the emperor Taiji. In the southern frontier, the "feudal system" was carried out in the southern frontier, and the independent legion of Han people, which was capitulation of the former Ming Dynasty, was used to stabilize the rule of the southern China by the Manchuria aristocrats. From the seven years of Shunzhi to Kang, In the nineteen years of hee nineteen, the king of Pingnan, who led the politics of Guangdong, was the leading power of Guangdong. In the early Qing Dynasty, he inherited the policy of "sea ban" in the Ming Dynasty and strengthened its escalation under the pressure of Ming Zheng's anti forces. "No one sail into the sea" by Kangxi. The relocation order required the residents to move unconditionally in a short period of time, and "the plates are not allowed to go into the water, and the grain is not allowed to be more Xinjiang", which creates a huge disaster for the people of the coastal areas, especially in Guangdong. As a loyal fan of the Manchuria aristocracy, as a loyal fan of the aristocracy of the nobility in the early Qing Dynasty, he was still pleased to perform his own duties. On the other hand, he also played a positive role in the local initiative. In the event of "Kangxi exempts the migration in Macao", "Kangxi brought back to the border in seven years" and "Kangxi does not move to Guangdong in seventeen years". The negative attitude towards the national policy is not only out of consideration for the people's livelihood of the coastal people in Guangdong Province, but also from the east Jiang town of Liaodong in the late Ming Dynasty, with the tradition of handling smuggling trade by the soldiers along the the Great Wall along the Ming Dynasty, coming to Guangdong to control the foreign trade of Guangdong Province, "the plate is not allowed to go down." The water "water ban" will impede the development of Guangdong's maritime trade, which may be a more important reason for the anti sea ban policy. Since the ten years of Shunzhi, it is very familiar with the way of foreign trade and "sexual greedy". Through the control of the Guangdong salt market system and the "King merchant" under the vassal state under its control, the tribute trade and tribute trade between Siam and Holland are held and held. The foreign trade of the East Asian countries, while the smuggling trade with Holland was also secretly carried out in Humen. After twelve years of Shunzhi, the power of Nanming was unable to recover, the government of the Qing government was stable to Guangdong, and the status of Pingnan king in Guangdong was also rising. After seventeen Shunzhi, Jing fan moved to Fujian and Guangdong became the "single kingdom" of the Shang family. After the year of Kangxi, the maritime trade under the control of the vassal has not been frustrated. In this special period, the family almost monopolized all the foreign trade in Macao province. Since ancient times, Guangdong has been the key to the foreign trade between China and foreign countries. Since ancient times, Guangdong has a long tradition of foreign trade, the strict maritime ban in the early Qing Dynasty, and the foreign trade and communication to Guangdong. The smuggling trade, which was controlled by the privileges, was not a small blow, but although it became private, it objectively maintained the exchange between Guangdong and the outside world in the transition period, which was the basis for the later Qing Dynasty to open the sea and rebuild its trade with the countries of Southeast Asia.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣東省社會(huì)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K249

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