本文選題：宋代 + 安全生產(chǎn)　； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：宋代是中國古代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)高度發(fā)展的時(shí)期,作為生產(chǎn)的重要組成部分,安全生產(chǎn)日益受到宋人的重視,也為其發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。宋人已經(jīng)擁有了早期的安全生產(chǎn)文化,開始注重安全生產(chǎn)法規(guī)的建立,在加大安全生產(chǎn)投入和科技保障的前提下,明確安全生產(chǎn)的責(zé)任,形成了相對(duì)完善的安全生產(chǎn)體系。 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,以水、旱、寒、風(fēng)、沙塵為主的氣象災(zāi)害是安全生產(chǎn)的主要危害。這些災(zāi)害危害范圍大、時(shí)間長,依靠當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平很難有效的預(yù)防和抵御。但是宋人依然依靠興修水利、疏浚河道、植樹造林等方式積極應(yīng)對(duì),對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)起到了一定的成效。動(dòng)物災(zāi)害上,蝗蟲對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)安全造成的危害最大,宋人對(duì)于蝗災(zāi)已經(jīng)有了較為科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí),采用捕捉成蟲、消滅蟲卵和保護(hù)天敵的方式減少其對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)造成的危害。對(duì)于國家的政治行為和邊患的人為因素對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成的危害,宋代注重法律保護(hù)和國家補(bǔ)償?shù)姆绞絹肀Ｗo(hù)生產(chǎn)的順利進(jìn)行。宋代形成了較為完善的農(nóng)業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)體系,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展起到了很好的保障作用。 隨著宋代手工業(yè)的全面進(jìn)步,其安全生產(chǎn)日益受到人們的重視。官營手工業(yè)是宋代手工業(yè)的代表,其安全生產(chǎn)受到宋代政府的高度重視,有相應(yīng)的管理部門承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的安全職責(zé)。民間手工業(yè)涉及到社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)方面,其安全生產(chǎn),多依靠生產(chǎn)者自身的素質(zhì)及行會(huì)的約束和規(guī)范。政府和百姓都重視科技和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)在礦冶業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)中的作用,來應(yīng)對(duì)采掘過程中遇到的危害。《營造法式》做為宋代官方制定的建筑工程的通行法則,促進(jìn)了建筑業(yè)生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范化,有利于保障建筑過程中人和財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全。宋代政府通過休假制度和相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)來保障手工業(yè)勞動(dòng)者的安全,是當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)條件下的一大進(jìn)步。同時(shí),科技的發(fā)展也為安全生產(chǎn)提供了相關(guān)保障,這一點(diǎn)在宋代礦冶業(yè)、制鹽業(yè)、釀酒業(yè)、火藥制造等行業(yè)的安全生產(chǎn)體現(xiàn)十分突出。 宋代的交通運(yùn)輸十分發(fā)達(dá),其安全也進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的發(fā)展階段。陸路交通中,儀制令等交通規(guī)則和城市交通法則已經(jīng)初見雛形,對(duì)路基和橋梁等道路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的維護(hù)也受到重視,對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)十分有利。水路交通上,津渡和航運(yùn)安全都是宋代關(guān)注的重點(diǎn),建立起了相對(duì)完整的水路交通安全體系,其中的事故救援和交通疏導(dǎo)更是值得肯定,可以說是現(xiàn)代交通安全制度的萌芽。 在長期的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐過程中,宋代形成了相對(duì)規(guī)范和穩(wěn)定安全生產(chǎn)習(xí)俗。利用四時(shí)八節(jié)二十四節(jié)氣來安排農(nóng)作物的生產(chǎn),根據(jù)對(duì)不同時(shí)期的農(nóng)作物的生長習(xí)性,形成了相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)習(xí)慣。這些經(jīng)過實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)的習(xí)俗,具有很強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性,在勞動(dòng)人民中間不斷擴(kuò)散,代代相傳,是安全生產(chǎn)文化繁榮的象征。與習(xí)俗相對(duì)應(yīng)的,弭災(zāi)在宋代也十分盛行,這些措施盡管對(duì)于安全生產(chǎn)并不能起到實(shí)質(zhì)性的作用,但作為一種象征,對(duì)百姓也是一種鼓勵(lì)和安慰,能在一定程度上改進(jìn)安全生產(chǎn)的環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:The Song Dynasty was a period of high development in the production of ancient Chinese society. As an important part of the production, the safety production was paid more and more attention by the song people and contributed to the development of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty has already owned the early safety production culture, began to pay attention to the construction of the safety production regulations, and before increasing the safety production input and the scientific and technological guarantee. It is clear that the responsibility for safety in production is defined and a relatively perfect safety production system has been formed.
In agricultural production, meteorological disasters, including water, drought, cold, wind and sand dust, are the main hazards of safety production. These disasters have a large scope and long time, and it is difficult to prevent and resist effectively by the development level of the productive forces at that time. But the song people still rely on the ways of reconstructing water conservancy, dredging the river, planting trees and so on. The production played a certain effect. In the animal disaster, the locusts had the greatest harm to the agricultural safety. The song people had a more scientific understanding of the locust disaster. They used the way of catching the adults, eliminating the eggs and protecting the natural enemies to reduce the harm to agriculture. The Song Dynasty paid attention to the law protection and the state compensation to protect the production smoothly. The Song Dynasty formed a more perfect response system for agricultural production safety, which has played a very good guarantee for the recovery and development of agricultural production.
With the all-round progress of the handicraft industry in the Song Dynasty, its safety production has been paid more and more attention. The official handicraft industry is the representative of the handicraft industry in the Song Dynasty. Its safety production is highly valued by the Song Dynasty government, and the corresponding management departments undertake corresponding security responsibilities. The folk handicraft industry involves all aspects of social production, and its safety production is more dependent on it. Depending on the quality of the producers themselves and the constraints and norms of the guild, the government and the common people attach importance to the role of scientific and practical experience in the safety and production of mining and metallurgy to deal with the hazards encountered in the mining process. It is beneficial to ensure the safety of people and property in the process of building. The government of the Song Dynasty ensured the safety of handicraft workers through the holiday system and corresponding laws and regulations. It was a great progress under the social conditions at that time. At the same time, the development of science and technology also provided relevant guarantee for the safety of production, which was in the Song Dynasty mining and metallurgy industry, the salt industry, the wine making industry and the gunpowder system. The production of safe production in the manufacturing and other industries is very prominent.
The traffic and transportation of the Song Dynasty is very developed, and its security has also entered a new stage of development. In the land road traffic, the traffic rules and the urban traffic rules have been initially seen, and the maintenance of the roadbed and bridges and other road infrastructure is also paid attention to. It is beneficial to the safety of the production of ten points. The focus of the Song Dynasty, the establishment of a relatively complete system of water traffic safety, the accident rescue and traffic guidance is more affirmative, can be said to be the bud of the modern traffic safety system.
During the long period of production practice, the Song Dynasty formed a relatively standardized and stable production custom. The production habits of crops were arranged with twenty-four throttle of four times. According to the habit of growing crops in different periods, the corresponding production habits were formed. These customs, which have been tested by practice, have strong scientific nature and are in labor. It is a symbol of the prosperity of the culture of safety in the middle of the people, which is the symbol of the prosperity of the culture of safety production. In contrast to the custom, the disaster is also very popular in the Song Dynasty. Although these measures can not play a substantial role in the safety of production, as a symbol, it is also a kind of encouragement and comfort to the people, and can improve the safety of production to a certain extent. Environmental Science.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：X922.2;K244

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