本文選題：兩宋 + 職田　； 參考：《安徽師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：職田是中國(guó)古代由國(guó)家給予官員的一種崗位補(bǔ)貼,是按官職品級(jí)授與官吏作為俸祿的土地,也被稱為圭田、芻田、菜田、祿田、職分田、職公田等。最早可追溯到周,西晉時(shí)正式形成制度,之后歷代沿用。宋朝初年,由于民生凋敝、國(guó)庫空虛等原因,并未沿用前代的職田制度。到了真宗時(shí)期,由于百官俸祿較低,生活困頓,一些官員不得不從事經(jīng)商活動(dòng),與民爭(zhēng)利,甚至貪贓枉法,此類型的經(jīng)濟(jì)案件頻頻發(fā)生。真宗為了達(dá)到養(yǎng)廉的目的,建立職田制度,宋代職田制度由此確立。但與前代不同的是,宋代職田設(shè)立之初就是只給地方官員職田,不給中央官員。職田雖是為養(yǎng)廉而設(shè)的,是作為官員的俸祿之一發(fā)給官員的。但是在災(zāi)荒、兵禍發(fā)生之時(shí),用度不足,官府把原本應(yīng)為官員所享有的職田地租甚至是職田土地調(diào)為他用,即本文所研究的職田調(diào)用。論文主要分為四大部分,第一部分主要是對(duì)宋代職田制度及其發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行梳理,探究職田建立的背景,并對(duì)宋代職田的發(fā)展變化進(jìn)行介紹,探究從真宗開始設(shè)立職田到南宋滅亡宋代職田制度的發(fā)展沿革;第二部分主要是對(duì)宋代職田的調(diào)用進(jìn)行綜合分析,了解宋代各地的職田分布以及數(shù)量,對(duì)宋代職田調(diào)用的情況進(jìn)行綜合掃描,并對(duì)調(diào)用頻率和調(diào)用結(jié)果作出分析,探討調(diào)用的原因;第三部分是對(duì)職田調(diào)用的影響分正反兩個(gè)方面展開分析,職田調(diào)用在一定程度上緩解了國(guó)家財(cái)政窘迫的狀況,在軍需籌集、災(zāi)傷賑濟(jì)方面發(fā)揮了一定的作用,但是職田調(diào)用并非治本之策,借來的職田租終究要還,只是把財(cái)政壓力推遲、寅吃卯糧而已。同時(shí),職田調(diào)用還損害了一些官員的利益,招致了其不滿情緒,影響了養(yǎng)廉的功效。本文建立在史料的整理與分析的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)職田地租獲得者官員與封建國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。意在說明一方面,政府要協(xié)調(diào)官員與百姓之間的關(guān)系,為了防止官員侵漁百姓,政府不得不給官員職田以“養(yǎng)廉”;另一方面,政府在面臨國(guó)用不足、軍需及自然災(zāi)害等情況,財(cái)政面臨危機(jī)時(shí),頻頻插手官員職田,不僅調(diào)用官員職田租米,更有調(diào)用職田給弓箭手等情況,與其厚祿養(yǎng)廉的初衷截然相反。擬將從宋代職田調(diào)用的角度來探索職田調(diào)用的體系及調(diào)用下的深層原因,從而對(duì)宋代職田研究及政治史的研究起到補(bǔ)充作用。
[Abstract]:The field is a kind of post subsidy given by the state to officials in ancient China. It is the land used by officials to give officials as a salary according to official grades. It is also known as Keita, Tuo Tian, vegetable field, Lu Tian, job field, duty field and so on. The first date can be traced back to Zhou, and the system was formally formed in the Western Jin Dynasty, after which the Ancient Song Dynasty, due to the destitution of the people, the empty Treasury empty and so on, was used in the early years of the Song Dynasty. In the period of true Zong, because of the low salary and poor life, some officials had to engage in business activities, struggle with the people, and even corrupt the law. This type of economic cases occurred frequently. At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the official field was only given to the local officials, not to the central officials. Although the field was established for the health of the officials, it was sent to officials as one of the officials' salaries. However, when the famine, the disaster occurred, the use was insufficient, and the government had transferred the land rent, or even the land land, which should have been enjoyed by officials. The thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part is mainly to comb the system of the Song Dynasty and its development, explore the background of the establishment of the vocational field, introduce the development and changes of the Song Dynasty, and explore the development and evolution of the system of the destruction of the Song Dynasty from the beginning of the founding of the real Zong to the Southern Song Dynasty. The two part is mainly to make a comprehensive analysis of the call of the Song Dynasty, to understand the distribution and quantity of the field in the Song Dynasty, to scan the situation of the call in the Song Dynasty, and to analyze the call frequency and the call result, and to discuss the reasons for the call. The third part is the analysis of the two aspects of the impact on the call of the duty field. The call has alleviated the state's financial distress to a certain extent and played a certain role in raising the military needs and disaster relief. However, the call is not a cure, and the rents borrowed from the field should be returned after all. On the basis of the arrangement and analysis of historical materials, this paper analyzes the relationship between the officials of the land rent collector and the feudal state. The purpose is to explain that the government should coordinate the relationship between the officials and the common people, and the government has to give officials a job to prevent the officials from invading the people. On the other hand, in the face of lack of national use, military needs and natural disasters, when the government is faced with the crisis, the government is frequently involved in the official job field, not only calling the official field rent, but also calling the service field to the archer. The system of Tian calling and the deep reasons of the call, play a complementary role in the study of the field of the Song Dynasty and the study of political history.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K244

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本文編號(hào)：2026763