本文選題：西漢 + 鄉(xiāng)里官吏��； 參考：《鄭州大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 鄉(xiāng)里制度隨著春秋戰(zhàn)國中央集權(quán)郡縣制國家的崛起而形成,鄉(xiāng)里官吏也隨之出現(xiàn),并且一直到秦朝其各種官吏的各項職能也初步形成,他們在國家全面控制基層鄉(xiāng)里社會和“編戶齊民”過程中起到了重要作用。 西漢王朝繼承了秦朝的基層管理體制,各種鄉(xiāng)里官吏各盡其職,其中三老一般選擇五十歲以上老人擔任,他們有德有能,在鄉(xiāng)里有一定聲望,在基層有較大影響力,有時候其言論還可以直達中央建言參政,并且參與鄉(xiāng)里祭祀等重大活動。孝悌是鄉(xiāng)里間孝敬父母、尊重兄長的代表,力田是鄉(xiāng)里間種田能手,他們和三老一起都受到國家尊崇,共同組成了“非吏比”的鄉(xiāng)官系統(tǒng),主要負責教化民眾。 有秩和嗇夫是鄉(xiāng)行政首長,有秩負責大鄉(xiāng),嗇夫負責小鄉(xiāng),分別是郡和縣的屬吏。他們多從當?shù)厝酥羞x任,并且能夠以功勞升遷,有重大立功表現(xiàn)還可以破格提拔。作為基層鄉(xiāng)里主要負責人,嗇夫的職能包括控制人口,核定財產(chǎn)、收取賦稅、征發(fā)徭役、受理訴訟等,涉及到鄉(xiāng)里基層社會各個方面。鄉(xiāng)佐是嗇夫的副手,主要協(xié)助嗇夫收取賦稅。有秩、嗇夫和鄉(xiāng)佐就是國家控制鄉(xiāng)里社會的主要代理人。在鄉(xiāng)官之下是直接參與里聚落管理的各種里吏,其中比較重要的有里父老、里正、里監(jiān)門等,由于他們長年生活在里中,對里聚落情況比較熟悉,所以成為鄉(xiāng)官正常工作的重要輔助力量。 游徼、亭長與嗇夫等行政方面的官吏性質(zhì)不同。游徼主要負責地方治安,巡行于鄉(xiāng)間,也是縣屬吏。亭長除了地方治安之外還負責郵傳系統(tǒng)的安全和來往人員的接待工作。 橫向考察了西漢各種鄉(xiāng)里官吏的職能和工作范圍,歸納出鄉(xiāng)里官吏權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的一般模式。然而在縱向上看,西漢王朝鄉(xiāng)里官吏的狀況是隨著國家大政方針而不斷變化的,所以在西漢前期,鄉(xiāng)里官吏作為國家需要爭取的對象,對于穩(wěn)定國家政權(quán),恢復(fù)長期戰(zhàn)爭后的生產(chǎn)生活非常重要。他們作為國家基層官吏的工作使鄉(xiāng)里社會達到了一種平衡狀態(tài)。 西漢武帝開始的中后期,國家權(quán)力急劇擴張,加上儒家意識形態(tài)的推行,官僚階層隨之興起,漸次而成為地方宗族豪強。鄉(xiāng)里官吏在基層代表國家權(quán)力同時也依附于宗族豪強。而這種情況反而導(dǎo)致國家對于鄉(xiāng)里基層控制力下降。中央權(quán)力的控制遂逐漸衰落。而一旦中央權(quán)力崩潰,則鄉(xiāng)里官吏又會崛起為鄉(xiāng)里領(lǐng)袖,在王朝結(jié)束時起到重新組織地方的作用。 西漢鄉(xiāng)里官吏是國家控制鄉(xiāng)里基層社會的代理人,同時也在一定程度上代表“編戶齊民”與國家溝通,越到王朝后期,他們與宗族豪強的聯(lián)系越是不可分割。總之,他們的活動關(guān)系到到整個國家的興衰。
[Abstract]:The township system was formed with the rise of the centralized prefectural and county system in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, and the township officials also appeared along with it, and the various functions of their officials were initially formed until the Qin Dynasty. They played an important role in the state's overall control of the grassroots rural society and the process of "making up households and bringing the people together". The Western Han Dynasty inherited the basic management system of the Qin Dynasty, and all kinds of rural officials did their jobs. Three of them generally chose people over the age of 50. They had virtue and ability, had a certain reputation in the countryside, and had greater influence at the grass-roots level. Sometimes they can talk directly to the central government and participate in major activities such as village sacrifices. Filial piety and filial piety are the representatives of filial piety and respect for the elder brother. Litian is a skilled farmer in the countryside. They are respected by the state together with the three old people, and together they form a "non-official ratio" system of township officials, mainly responsible for educating the people. Rank and miser is the chief administrative officer of the township, rank responsible for the big township, Sik responsible for the small township, respectively, county and county officials. Many of them from the local people, and can be promoted with merit, there is a significant performance of meritorious service can also be promoted. As the principal person in charge of the village at the grassroots level, Sik's functions include controlling the population, approving property, collecting taxes, collecting corvee, accepting lawsuits, and so on, involving all aspects of the rural grass-roots society. Heung Suo is the deputy of Sik, mainly assisting Sik to collect taxes. Rank, Sik and the township is the main agent of the state control of rural society. Under the village officials are various local officials who are directly involved in the management of the settlement, among them the more important ones are Li Father, Li Zheng, Li Jian Men, and so on. As they have lived in the village for many years, they are more familiar with the situation of the settlement in Li. So become the township official normal work of an important auxiliary force. The nature of officials in administrative aspects such as Yu, Ting Chang and Sik Fu are different. You are mainly responsible for local security, patrol in the countryside, is also a county official. Besides local security, the kiosk is also responsible for the security of the mail transmission system and the reception of personnel. The functions and working scope of various rural officials in the Western Han Dynasty were investigated horizontally, and the general pattern of the power structure of the rural officials was concluded. Vertically, however, the situation of rural officials in the Western Han Dynasty is constantly changing with the state policy, so in the early Western Han Dynasty, the rural officials were the objects for the country to strive for, to stabilize the state power. It is very important to restore productive life after a long war. Their work as state officials at the grass-roots level has brought the rural society to a state of balance. In the middle and late period of the Western Han Dynasty, the state power expanded rapidly and the Confucian ideology carried out. The bureaucrats rose and gradually became the local clans. Rural officials at the grass-roots level on behalf of state power also attached to clan power. Instead, this situation led to a decline in the country's control of the rural grassroots. The control of central power gradually declined. And once the central power collapses, the village officials will rise as village leaders, at the end of the dynasty to reorganize the role of local. The officials of the Western Han Dynasty are the agents of the state to control the grassroots society in the countryside, and to some extent, they also represent the communication between the people and the country. The later the dynasty, the more inseparable their ties with the clan are. In short, their activities are related to the rise and fall of the whole country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K234.1

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 黃杰;比較歷史視野下的大國治理問題研究：以耦合治理結(jié)構(gòu)與治理績效的關(guān)系為線索[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：2016106