本文選題：漢晉 + 鄉(xiāng)里秩序��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：漢末至兩晉是鄉(xiāng)里秩序的維護(hù)模式有明顯變化的年代。東漢時(shí)期,崛起的豪族以擔(dān)任鄉(xiāng)官里吏的方式與政府相結(jié)合,共同維持著鄉(xiāng)里秩序。東漢末年的天下大亂打破了這樣的局面。戰(zhàn)亂之中,政府的基層管理機(jī)構(gòu)或缺失或力量不足。豪強(qiáng)大族以其宗族的勢(shì)力以及歸附的鄉(xiāng)里平民筑塢堡共同抵御來犯之?dāng)?形成戰(zhàn)時(shí)的特殊基層組織。豪強(qiáng)大族是該基層組織秩序的主要維持者。為了解決食糧問題,地方割據(jù)勢(shì)力建立屯田制,以屯田官吏管理其中的平民。所以,在漢末戰(zhàn)亂之中,豪強(qiáng)大族、屯田官吏以及和平地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)里官吏共同維持著鄉(xiāng)里秩序。西晉對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里社會(huì)進(jìn)行了整頓,與政府相結(jié)合的豪族又成為鄉(xiāng)里秩序的主要維護(hù)者,然而很快又進(jìn)入亂世。戰(zhàn)亂之中,塢堡大量出現(xiàn),受戰(zhàn)亂影響的地區(qū)又進(jìn)入了平民依靠豪族筑塢堡生存的狀態(tài)。豪族又成為基層組織的領(lǐng)袖。鄉(xiāng)村是農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ),理清漢末至兩晉時(shí)期鄉(xiāng)里秩序變化的基本脈絡(luò),對(duì)正確理解漢晉社會(huì)的發(fā)展有重要的意義。這段時(shí)期鄉(xiāng)里秩序的變化情況是個(gè)值得研究的課題。本文將結(jié)合宗族、宗教、自然災(zāi)害以及盜賊與仇殺等方面因素,理清我國(guó)東漢至兩晉時(shí)期鄉(xiāng)里秩序的變遷。宗族與鄉(xiāng)里秩序。東漢魏晉統(tǒng)治者多采取懷柔地方大族的政策,致使宗族從兩漢之際開始逐漸強(qiáng)盛起來。以血緣關(guān)系為紐帶形成的宗族是個(gè)較為安定有序的群體。族內(nèi)長(zhǎng)幼有序,有困難時(shí)能相互救濟(jì),和睦相處,共同服從于族長(zhǎng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。戰(zhàn)亂時(shí)期,族長(zhǎng)或帶領(lǐng)族人遷徙到安全之地,或團(tuán)結(jié)族人與鄉(xiāng)里之民筑塢堡艱難地在戰(zhàn)亂中生存。宗族以其在地方的強(qiáng)大勢(shì)力和權(quán)威對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序的穩(wěn)定有積極的作用。然而宗族之中屢屢有人出為盜賊,對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序的穩(wěn)定造成一定程度的破壞。宗教與鄉(xiāng)里秩序�！傲T黜百家、獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”之后,儒家思想漸漸深入人心。儒家所主張的道德觀念成為人們?yōu)槿颂幨碌幕緶?zhǔn)則,對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序的穩(wěn)定也就有重要意義。漢晉之際的戰(zhàn)亂沒有從根本上改變?nèi)寮宜枷朐诋?dāng)時(shí)人們心中的地位。道教與佛教也在東漢末年興起。道佛兩教都借助災(zāi)害的契機(jī)逐漸發(fā)展壯大。道教對(duì)在苦難之中的漢末平民百姓有一定的幫助,也就對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序的穩(wěn)定有一定的積極作用。佛教在東漢和三國(guó)時(shí)期對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里社會(huì)的影響較小。兩晉時(shí)期,佛教對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序的穩(wěn)定有一定的積極作用。自然災(zāi)害、疾疫與鄉(xiāng)里秩序。漢晉之際是個(gè)自然災(zāi)害與疾疫頻繁的年代。自然災(zāi)害在不同的程度上均會(huì)對(duì)人們的生命與財(cái)產(chǎn)安全產(chǎn)生威脅,從而破壞了鄉(xiāng)里秩序。疾疫能造成大量人員感染從而對(duì)平民生命構(gòu)成重大威脅。鑒于漢晉時(shí)期的社會(huì)發(fā)展水平,時(shí)人大多把災(zāi)害與疾疫視為上天對(duì)人們行為有過錯(cuò)的警示。于是皇帝反省自己的過失,很多當(dāng)權(quán)大臣也被罷免。同時(shí),官府也采取了一些切合實(shí)際的賑災(zāi)措施。災(zāi)害與疾疫對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里秩序造成的破壞是除戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之外的其它因素所不能比擬的。盜賊、仇殺與鄉(xiāng)里秩序。盜賊有橫行鄉(xiāng)里的輕狂之徒和出沒于山澤之中的山賊、水賊。因各方面原因,漢末魏晉時(shí)期有很多盜賊。他們常常劫掠財(cái)物,對(duì)鄉(xiāng)里社會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的破壞。這兩種盜賊出現(xiàn)的原因不同,前者是由于主觀的貪婪而劫掠財(cái)物的不法之徒,后者則是生活無以為繼而被迫聚集在山澤之中平民百姓。官府采取不同的措施應(yīng)對(duì)他們。然而,雖然漢晉政府都積極打擊盜賊,但似乎難以從根本從解決問題。漢晉時(shí)期是個(gè)復(fù)仇盛行的年代,作為官方哲學(xué)的儒家思想又為復(fù)仇提供了一定的正當(dāng)性。互相仇殺也是造成社會(huì)秩序不穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)重要因素。
[Abstract]:From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty was an era of obvious change in the maintenance mode of the order in the countryside. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rise of the ethnic minority in the way of serving as a local official was combined with the government to maintain the order of the country. In the last year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the great disorder broke the situation. In the war, the government's grass-roots management institutions were lacking or lacking power. In order to solve the food problem, the local separatist forces established the system of Tuen Tian and the Tuen Tian officials to manage the civilians in order to solve the food problem. So, in the late Han Dynasty, the war was in chaos in the Han Dynasty. In the middle of the world, the big and powerful people, the Tuen Tuan officials and the local officials in the peace area jointly maintain the rural order. The Western Jin Dynasty has rectified the rural society, and the Hao nationality, which is combined with the government, has become the main maintainer of the rural order. However, it quickly enters the chaos. In the war, the dock burger appeared and the areas affected by the war entered the civilian dependence. The country is the foundation of the grass-roots organization. The rural is the foundation of the agricultural society. It is of great significance to understand the development of the social order of the Han and Jin Dynasties in the period of the period from the end of the Han to the Jin Dynasty. In the aspects of patriarchal clan, religion, natural calamity and thieves and enemy killing, the changes of the order of the countryside in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty were cleared up. The rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties adopted the policy of Huairou local great ethnic groups, causing the clan to gradually flourished from the time of the Han Dynasty. A relatively stable and orderly group. The family was in order, in a difficult time, with mutual relief, harmony, and joint obedience to the leader of the chief of the clan. In the period of the war, the patriarch or the ethnic group moved to a safe place, or united the people and the villagers to build up the fort in the war. The stability of the preface has a positive effect. However, there are many people among the clans who have been out for the thieves, which has caused a certain degree of destruction to the stability of the country's order. The stability of the order was also of great significance. The war in the Han and Jin Dynasties did not fundamentally change the position of Confucianism in the hearts of the people at that time. Taoism and Buddhism also rose in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Taoist two religions developed gradually with the help of disaster. Taoism has certain help to the people of the people in the end of the Han Dynasty and the rank of the country. The stability of the preface has a certain positive effect. Buddhism has little influence on the local society during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. In the Jin Dynasty, Buddhism had certain positive effects on the stability of the rural order. Natural disasters, the epidemic and the rural order. The natural calamity and the epidemic of the epidemic were frequent in the Han and Jin Dynasties. People's life and property security threats, thus destroying the country's order. The epidemic can cause a large number of personnel and thus constitute a major threat to the lives of civilians. In view of the social development level of the Han and Jin Dynasties, most people regarded the disaster and disease as a warning to the fault of the people's behavior. The government has also been dismissal. At the same time, the government has also taken some practical relief measures. The destruction caused by the disaster and the epidemic is incomparable to other factors other than the war. The thieves, the enemy and the country order. The thieves have the frivolous apprentice in the countryside and the thieves, the water thieves, the water thieves. There were many thieves at the end of the Han and Wei Jin Dynasties. They often plundered the property and caused serious damage to the country's society. The reasons for the two thieves were different. The former was the unlawfully robbed of the property because of the subjective greed, and the latter was forced to gather in the mountains. Measures should be taken to deal with them. However, although the government of the Han and Jin Dynasties was active in combating thieves, it seemed difficult to solve the problem fundamentally. The Han and Jin period was an age of vengeance, and the Confucian thought, as the official philosophy, provided a certain justification for revenge.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K23

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