本文選題：宋代 + 福建��； 參考：《西華師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：“不舉子”指古代父母不僅不履行撫養(yǎng)義務(wù),而且將剛出生的嬰兒溺殺或者拋棄的行為。古代“不舉子”現(xiàn)象由來已久,并非只是宋代才出現(xiàn)。早在上古時期,便出現(xiàn)殺子而抑制人口的行為。宋代是我國古代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技等領(lǐng)域大發(fā)展的一個時代。在此期間,以“理”為核心的“理學(xué)”的形成與發(fā)展,在糅合了佛家和道家思想的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了一個嚴(yán)密的封建倫理道德體質(zhì),在南宋后期成為官方的指導(dǎo)思想,并對以后的社會發(fā)展具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因而,宋代是中國古代封建社會的一個轉(zhuǎn)型期,具有重要的歷史意義。福建自進(jìn)入宋代以來,無論是經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化各方面均取得了快速發(fā)展。然而一直崇尚“多子多福”的古代農(nóng)業(yè)社會,卻在宋代福建地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了普遍且嚴(yán)重的“不舉子”現(xiàn)象,似乎有些違背常理。同時,“不舉子”行為也與當(dāng)時社會所倡導(dǎo)的封建倫理道德思想相違背。本文研究了宋代福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的時空分布特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)生的原因、解決措施以及社會歷史影響。在研究的過程中不僅僅只局限于宋代的“不舉子”問題,還追溯了宋代以前的“生子不舉”現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而對宋代福建路的“不舉子”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行深入分析。有利于厘清“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),從而更好的揭示宋代福建路的“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的根源。宋代福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的分布特點(diǎn),在時間上呈現(xiàn)北宋宋仁宗、宋徽宗,南宋宋高宗、宋孝宗和宋寧宗統(tǒng)治期以及南宋比北宋時期更為嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn)。在空間上則呈現(xiàn)出內(nèi)陸上四州地區(qū)比沿海下四州地區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)村比城市更為普遍和嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn)。從人地關(guān)系的視角進(jìn)行綜合分析,得出自然地理環(huán)境、百姓的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、風(fēng)俗文化相互交叉,共同作用于宋代福建路百姓的家庭生育觀。宋代福建路耕地面積匱乏、土地貧瘠、賦役沉重以及土地兼并導(dǎo)致的百姓生活貧困是“不舉子”的主要原因。同時,社會不安定因素,民風(fēng)強(qiáng)悍、輕視律法以及地方社會風(fēng)俗的潛移默化影響則加劇了福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的普遍化和嚴(yán)重化,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的蔓延與擴(kuò)散。宋代士大夫群體對福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了諸多評論,他們積極的批判和抵制“不舉子”行為,認(rèn)為“不舉子”現(xiàn)象有傷教化,敗壞道德。同時,也積極的為解決福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象提出相應(yīng)的解決措施建議。比如有士大夫提出,設(shè)置官莊,以助生子不舉家庭養(yǎng)子的方法。雖然有些建議并未被采納,但是也為解決“不舉子”現(xiàn)象提供了一定的參考意見。除了士大夫們通過輿論作用勸誘和引導(dǎo)百姓認(rèn)識“不舉子”危害而自覺減少“不舉子”行為外,宋代中央和地方政府與民間人士為解決福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象也在積極的采取各項(xiàng)措施。一方面最高統(tǒng)治者頻繁頒布律法,禁止“不舉子”行為。并且政府又以直接給錢米資助的方式,幫助貧困家庭養(yǎng)子。另一方面,福建路地方官也積極采取措施,配合中央政府的行動,因地制宜的采取各項(xiàng)措施遏制“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的蔓延。包括地方官和當(dāng)?shù)氐氖看蠓蛞黄鹪O(shè)立“社倉”和“舉子倉”,通過給中下層的貧困家庭以錢米資助的形式,為他們提供一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)支援養(yǎng)育子女,從而減少當(dāng)?shù)匾蜇毨Ф安慌e子”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。雖然這些措施取得了一定的效果,也延緩了福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象的進(jìn)一步惡化。但是,依舊無法完全禁止該現(xiàn)象的繼續(xù)發(fā)展,乃至到了明清時期,福建“不舉子”現(xiàn)象依舊普遍存在,只是“不舉”對象發(fā)生了變化——從宋代的男女皆不舉,發(fā)展為清代的普遍“溺女”現(xiàn)象。最后,論述了宋代福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象對宋代福建社會人口增長速度、勞動人口的增加以及社會風(fēng)氣等方面產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響�？傊�,研究宋代福建路“不舉子”現(xiàn)象對于解決當(dāng)前我國“棄嬰”和兒童人口買賣問題具有一定的參考和借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:"No lifting" means that the ancient parents not only failed to fulfill their upbringing obligations, but also drowned or discarded the newborn babies. The ancient "no lift" was a long history, not only in the Song Dynasty. Early in the ancient times, it appeared to kill and suppress the population. The Song Dynasty was the ancient political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological fields of our country. During the period of great development, in this period, the formation and development of "Neo Confucianism", with the core of "Li" as the core, built a strict feudal ethical and moral constitution on the basis of the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, and became the official guiding ideology in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and had a profound influence on the future social development. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the middle school. A transitional period in the feudal society of ancient China has an important historical significance. Since the entry of the Song Dynasty, Fujian has made rapid development in both economic and cultural aspects. However, the ancient agricultural society, which has been advocating the "multi child and multi blessing", has appeared in the Fujian area of the Song Dynasty and appears to be contrary to the phenomenon of "no lifting the son". At the same time, the behavior of "not lifting the son" is also contrary to the feudal ethics and moral ideas advocated by the society at that time. This paper studies the characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road in the Song Dynasty, the causes, the measures and the influence of the social history. In the course of the study, it is not only limited to the "no lift" in the Song Dynasty. The paper also traces back the phenomenon of "not raising children" before the Song Dynasty, and then analyses the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. It is beneficial to clarify the development of the phenomenon of "not lifting the son", so as to better reveal the origin of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in the Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. The distribution characteristics of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in the Fujian road of the Song Dynasty, In time, the Northern Song Dynasty Song Renzong, the Song Hui emperor, the Southern Song Song Gaozong, the Song Xiaozong and Song Ningzong rule and the Southern Song Dynasty were more serious than the Northern Song Dynasty. In space, the four states were more common and serious than the four regions in the coastal areas, and the rural areas were more common and serious than the cities. The main reason is that the natural geographical environment, the economic situation of the common people, the customs and culture cross each other, and the family fertility view of the people of Fujian road in the Song Dynasty. The main reason for the "no lifting" is the lack of arable land in the Fujian road in the song Dynasty, the barren land, the heavy duty and the poverty caused by the land merger. At the same time, the social unrest factors and the people are the main reasons. The strong wind, the imperceptible influence of the law and the local social customs aggravated the universality and seriousness of the "no lift" phenomenon in Fujian Road, which further led to the spread and diffusion of the phenomenon of "no lifting the son". The Song Dynasty scholar officials criticized and resisted the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" on the Fujian road. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" is that the phenomenon of "not lifting the son" is harmful to teaching and morality. At the same time, it is also positive to put forward some suggestions for solving the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" in Fujian road. On the other hand, the central and local governments of the Song Dynasty and the folk people are actively taking various measures to solve the "no lifting son" in Fujian road. The supreme ruler frequently enacted laws to prohibit the act of "not lifting the son". And the government helped the poor families to raise their children by means of direct funding to the money rice. On the other hand, the Fujian road local officials took active measures to cooperate with the actions of the central government to take measures to curb the spread of the "no lift" phenomenon. The official and local taxi officials set up the "social warehouse" and "the lifting barn" together, providing them with financial support and raising children by providing financial support to the poor families in the middle and lower layers, thus reducing the local phenomenon of "no lifting" because of the poverty. Although these measures have achieved some effect, they also postpone the Fujian road. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" was further worsened. However, it was still impossible to completely prohibit the continued development of the phenomenon, and even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the phenomenon of "no lifting the son" still existed in Fujian, but the object of "not lifting" was changed - the phenomenon of "drowning women" from the men and women in the Song Dynasty, which was the common phenomenon in the Qing Dynasty, was discussed. Finally, the article discussed the phenomenon of "drowning women" in the Qing Dynasty. The phenomenon of "not lifting the son" on Fujian road in the Song Dynasty has a negative impact on the growth rate of the social population, the increase of the labor population and the social atmosphere in the Song Dynasty. In a word, the study of "no lifting the son" of the Fujian road in the song Dynasty has a certain reference and reference significance to solve the problem of "abandoned baby" and the problem of buying and selling of children in the present China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西華師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K244

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本文編號：1929014