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西湖夢(mèng)尋:17世紀(jì)杭州士人的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與文化生活

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-05-04 15:10

  本文選題:明末清初(17世紀(jì)) + 杭州。 參考:《南開(kāi)大學(xué)》2012年博士論文


【摘要】:17世紀(jì),是中國(guó)近世史上的一個(gè)重要時(shí)期。晚明以降,江浙等地區(qū)市鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮,使得中國(guó)學(xué)界產(chǎn)生了數(shù)十年的“資本主義萌芽”論爭(zhēng),至今余波未已;明末東林黨以至黃宗羲等人對(duì)君權(quán)的批判也引發(fā)了民主因素等近代性的討論。不過(guò),對(duì)明末清初文化的變動(dòng),大多數(shù)研究者偏重于晚明或者盛清文化的探討,只是把明末清初文化作為兩者的過(guò)渡或附屬。其實(shí),明清更替時(shí)期的文化,尤其是士人生活,呈現(xiàn)出一番獨(dú)特面貌。 在研究方法上,士人研究大多強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)(主要是階級(jí)與等級(jí))和宏觀歷史結(jié)合的視角,本文則利用地域史和社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)相結(jié)合的方式來(lái)考察明清交替時(shí)期的士人群體。社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方法,主要是從橫向的角度觀察不同的社會(huì)關(guān)系與個(gè)體以及社會(huì)各系統(tǒng)間的互動(dòng),從其入手來(lái)探究明清易代之際社會(huì)與文化,可以避免孤立地看待不同群體(如官員、文人、僧侶等)在文化建構(gòu)中的地位和作用,從而深入把握地方社會(huì)的內(nèi)在變化,更重要的是有助于擺脫以往結(jié)構(gòu)化的認(rèn)識(shí)。 杭州自晚唐以漸開(kāi)始崛起,五代時(shí)錢(qián)氏立國(guó)和后來(lái)宋室的南興,更確立其東南第一大都會(huì)的地位;在元明時(shí)代雖有所衰落,仍是可與南京、蘇州并立的區(qū)域中心都市。相應(yīng)地,文化教育的普及和科舉人才的繁盛,也使其成為人文之淵藪。筆者從社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的視角,指出17世紀(jì)杭州存在著時(shí)文會(huì)社、放生會(huì)等組織,,且其經(jīng)歷了從小筑社、讀書(shū)社以至登樓社50余年的變遷,最終加入了跨地域的復(fù)社以及十郡大社。同時(shí),通過(guò)對(duì)《尺牘初征》、《今世說(shuō)》等書(shū)分析,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)明清之際的士人網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個(gè)以聲名為中心,伴隨著物質(zhì)贊助、訊息交流以及文化互動(dòng)的社會(huì)關(guān)系集合體。 杭州士人及其社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有地域性,這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)了杭州地區(qū)士人內(nèi)部各階層之間、文化和商業(yè)之間、世俗與宗教之間以及性別之間的良好互動(dòng),也使得社會(huì)中的聲望、財(cái)富和信息等社會(huì)資本一定意義上被不同人群所獲取。作為個(gè)體的士人,可與杭州地方官、名士的交往,從而能夠融入杭州并獲得相應(yīng)的回報(bào)。另一方面,該網(wǎng)絡(luò)也具有跨地域性,杭州的地方官員、流寓士人等群體的存在,使杭州能夠和其他地區(qū)進(jìn)行信息、聲望等方面的交換,從而有利于士人的游歷活動(dòng)。 杭州士人社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò),又建立于該階層(或群體)日常生活中,一定的社會(huì)交往之上。通過(guò)分析日常生活情境下的士人社會(huì)交往,我們就能夠認(rèn)清社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建的社會(huì)背景。就士人生活而言,社會(huì)交往與他們所屬的社會(huì)分層(流品)、生活空間(工作、家庭生活、余暇等)和交游活動(dòng)(定交、拜謁、通信等)有著密切的關(guān)系。進(jìn)而言之,社會(huì)分層關(guān)涉到不同地位士人間的相互關(guān)系,生活空間則包括了士人的治生、家庭生活經(jīng)營(yíng)、閑暇生活和日常生活的節(jié)奏等內(nèi)容,至于交游活動(dòng)則是士人積極實(shí)現(xiàn)自我與社會(huì)互動(dòng)必經(jīng)之路。另一方面,社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)依賴于一定的空間而運(yùn)行,同時(shí)又對(duì)之有所塑造。杭州自唐宋以來(lái)因山水而名聞天下,西湖及其周邊作為一個(gè)特殊的自然人文空間,必然和該地的士人網(wǎng)絡(luò)有著復(fù)雜而又多樣的互動(dòng),其中我們專門(mén)探討了晚明杭州的湖山重建工程和士人風(fēng)雅行為的關(guān)聯(lián)。 在士人日常生活中,于“家國(guó)一體”的社會(huì)秩序之外,隨著城市和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,杭州也出現(xiàn)了“士農(nóng)工商”四民之外的邊緣群體,其中引起我們注意的是隱士和名姝(包括閨秀和妓女等)。此兩者,前者秉持出世的態(tài)度試圖與現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)有所切割,后者則是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)男女性別關(guān)系下的特殊產(chǎn)物。在明末清初,他們是當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)重要部分,西溪景觀的開(kāi)發(fā)以及杭州才女文化的發(fā)達(dá)即為其活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物。 最后,由于地理和社會(huì)人文因素的作用,明清時(shí)代的文化疆界(分野)相較前代更為顯著,地域意識(shí)得以凸現(xiàn)(如會(huì)館的興建、郡邑文集叢書(shū)的刊刻等),那么,從全國(guó)來(lái)看,各地相互間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與整合在所難免,杭州士人網(wǎng)絡(luò)亦需應(yīng)對(duì)這一局面。在此過(guò)程中,引人注意的是跨地域人員流動(dòng)的作用:一方面,徽州士人通過(guò)商籍逐漸融入杭州的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò);另一方面,杭州士人在游歷京師(北京)生活中,和當(dāng)?shù)氐奈膲隙嘤衼?lái)往,并通過(guò)其所主導(dǎo)的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得了相當(dāng)?shù)穆曌u(yù)。此外,我們還考察了杭州士人文化與“主流”文化的關(guān)系,從側(cè)面認(rèn)識(shí)到國(guó)家文化傳統(tǒng)的構(gòu)建過(guò)程。
[Abstract]:In the 17th century , it is an important period in the history of China ' s modern times . The late Ming Dynasty , with the prosperity of the economic prosperity of the towns and towns in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces , has led to the debate of decades of " capitalist sprout " in Chinese academic circles .
At the end of Ming and late Qing Dynasty , East Forest Party and Huang Zongxi ' s criticism also caused democratic factors and so on . However , most of the researchers focused on late Ming or Shengqing ' s culture . However , the culture of Ming and Qing Dynasties , especially the life of the scholar , had a unique look .

On the research method , the scholars mainly emphasize the social structure ( mainly the class and class ) and the macro - historical combination . In this paper , we use the combination of regional history and social network to investigate the social and cultural interaction between different groups ( such as officials , scholars , monks , etc . ) in cultural construction .

Hangzhou from the late Tang Dynasty began to rise , the fifth generation time Qian ' s country and the later Song Dynasty ' s Nanxing , more established the status of its southeast first metropolis ;
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties , the author points out that in the 17th century , there are organizations such as fashion clubs , students and so on . Meanwhile , the author points out that in the 17th century , there is a social relation aggregate which is based on sound name , accompanied by material sponsorship , information exchange and cultural interaction .

Hangzhou ' s scholar and its social network have regional characteristics . This network has achieved good interaction between the various classes , culture and business , between secular and religious , and gender . It also makes the social capital such as prestige , wealth and information in the society be acquired by different people . As an individual , it can be integrated into Hangzhou and get the corresponding return . On the other hand , the network has the exchange of information , prestige and so on in Hangzhou and other areas so as to facilitate the movement of the scholar .

On the other hand , social intercourse is related to the social stratification ( flow ) , living space ( work , family life , spare time ) and the rhythm of daily life .

In the daily life of the scholar , with the development of the city and commodity economy , in addition to the social order of " home country integration " , Hangzhou has also appeared the edge group outside the four people of " scholar and commerce " . The former is the special product under the gender relations of Chinese traditional society . The latter is the important part of the local social network , the development of Xixi landscape and the development of Hangzhou talent culture as the product of its activities .

Finally , due to the geographical and socio - cultural factors , the culture boundary ( field ) of Ming and Qing dynasties is more marked than the previous generation , and the regional consciousness can be highlighted ( such as the construction of the conference hall , the publication of the county collection series , etc . ) . In this process , it is interesting to deal with the situation . In this process , the people of Huizhou should also deal with the situation . On the one hand , the Huizhou scholars gradually integrate into the social network of Hangzhou through commercial stre ;
On the other hand , in the life of the Beijing Normal University ( Beijing ) , the Hangzhou scholar and the local literary world are old and outgoing , and have obtained quite a reputation through the social network dominated by Hangzhou . In addition , we also investigated the relationship between the culture of Hangzhou and the mainstream culture , and realized the traditional construction process of the national culture from the side .

【學(xué)位授予單位】:南開(kāi)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2012
【分類號(hào)】:C912;K248

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