秦漢士人隱逸思想研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-04-22 16:44
本文選題:秦漢 + 士人 ; 參考:《河南大學》2012年博士論文
【摘要】:隱逸思想,是士人所含有的隱逸指向(價值取向)的觀點、看法、心態(tài)甚至傾向性等等。隱逸思想作為仕進思想的對立補充思想,區(qū)別于士人傳統(tǒng)的、主流的入世思想,是在一定的歷史條件下所形成的一種出世的價值取向。隱逸思想的產(chǎn)生,根源于對現(xiàn)實無力改變而又不甘與此共同墮落的逃避與對抗。 中國古代社會存在的“泛政治化”傾向使得即使是作為與仕進思想相對立補充的隱逸思想,它的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展與變化都與中國的政治變遷有著重要的關聯(lián)。秦漢時期,是我國專制體制的初建及完善時期。這一時期的社會政治形勢與前代相比,發(fā)生了重大的變化。社會形勢的變化使得這一時期士人隱逸思想的發(fā)展也受到了巨大的影響。 秦漢時期士人隱逸思想的發(fā)展,與當時的政治發(fā)展密切相關,在不同的歷史階段,也表現(xiàn)出各自不同的特點。 秦及漢初,專制體制初建,大一統(tǒng)國家的形成,對士人形成了巨大的吸引力,士人普遍表現(xiàn)出參與政治的熱情,積極用世的思想在這一時期占據(jù)了士人思想的主導,隱逸思想一直都不曾得到較大的發(fā)展。但是,,伴隨著統(tǒng)一國家的形成及其在政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、思想等方面的一統(tǒng)傾向,極端的集權(quán)及專制體制給士人帶來了前所未有的壓力,因皇權(quán)專制而帶來的對自身命運的不可操控,使得士人在積極用世的期望得不到實現(xiàn)時,隱逸的情懷便應運而生。因此,專制體制形成的初期,雖然積極用世的思想占據(jù)了士人思想的主導,但在這一過程中,士人的隱逸思想也在潛在的存在與發(fā)展著。 西漢中期以來,專制體制得到了進一步的鞏固與完善,士人普遍被納入官僚體制中,官方統(tǒng)一意識形態(tài)也在逐漸形成,專制體制的完善使士人自由游走的政治空間進一步縮小。學、仕、祿三者的結(jié)合使士人被體制牢牢控制,士人一方面表現(xiàn)出因政治空間縮小而產(chǎn)生的壓力感,并由此而導致隱逸思想的出現(xiàn);另一方面,士人普遍表現(xiàn)出欲隱而不舍,雖客觀存在隱逸傾向但卻并無真正隱逸行為的特點。士人在仕與隱兩種不同的選擇中,不斷地與體制的發(fā)展相調(diào)適,出現(xiàn)了東方朔的“朝隱思想”,成為隱逸思想發(fā)展史上的一大流變。 西漢后期,隨著社會動蕩的加劇及西漢王朝的由盛而衰,出現(xiàn)了秦漢國家一統(tǒng)以來的第一次隱逸高潮。這一時期士人隱逸思想的產(chǎn)生既有傳統(tǒng)隱逸思想的影響,同時也開始受到“不仕二姓”觀念影響,表現(xiàn)出了統(tǒng)一國家意識在士人心中的影響。隱逸思想也因此受到國家意識的干預,東漢前期獎勵名節(jié),倡導隱逸的行為,便是政府有意將隱逸人物及其思想納入到國家控制中來的有效嘗試,而這也進一步增加了隱逸與政治之間的聯(lián)系。此后,在王朝的更替時,士人的隱逸不出,其思想與行為中便包含了對前政權(quán)的忠誠,這恰是國家有意識倡導的結(jié)果。這種變化在一定程度上消解了隱逸思想中所含有的對抗精神。 在政府的提倡與獎勵中,東漢一朝的隱逸風氣甚為盛行,隱逸人物的數(shù)量遠遠超過了西漢,且貫穿于東漢王朝的各個時期。東漢政府對隱逸人物精神氣節(jié)的提倡,一方面促進了東漢士人重名節(jié)的風氣,真正的隱逸之士得到了世人的禮敬;但同時也造成了一些士人借隱逸以求名、求利的假隱現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn),成為隱逸思想發(fā)展上的一大流弊。 東漢后期的黨錮之禍及東漢政權(quán)的瓦解,消解了統(tǒng)一國家對士人所形成的巨大向心力,隱逸思想在這一時期更多地表現(xiàn)為一種對政權(quán)的有意識的疏離。這也迫使他們在隱逸中重新思考人生的意義,士人的自我意識在這一時期逐漸開始覺醒。士人自我意識的覺醒最終使得隱逸思想中所蘊含的獨立與自由的內(nèi)在價值得到了的體現(xiàn),這為隱逸思想在魏晉時期的進一步發(fā)展提供了重要條件。
[Abstract]:It is the viewpoint , the view , the mentality and even the tendency of the scholar ' s implicit pointing ( value orientation ) , which is the opposite supplementary thought of the official thought , which is different from that of the scholar ' s traditional and the mainstream , and is a kind of value orientation which is formed under certain historical conditions . The emergence of the hidden thought is rooted in the escape and confrontation that the reality cannot change but not the common degeneration .
The tendency of " pan - political " in ancient Chinese society makes it important to the political change of China even if it is an escape thought which is complementary to the official thought .
During the Qin and Han Dynasties , the development of the Taoist temple thought was closely related to the political development at that time , and different characteristics were also shown in different historical stages .
At the beginning of the Qin and Han Dynasty , the formation of the special system , the formation of the first - generation countries , the great attraction to the scholar , and the general tendency of the scholar to participate in politics have never received great development . However , with the formation of the unified country and the political , economic , cultural , ideological and so on , the hidden thoughts have never been developed .
Since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty , the authoritarian system has been further consolidated and improved , and the official uniform ideology has been gradually formed , and the official uniform ideology has been gradually formed , and the perfection of the authoritarian system further narrows the political space that the scholar is free to walk .
On the other hand , there is a general tendency of the scholar to express his desire to hide , but there is no real stealth behavior . In the two different choices , the scholar constantly adapts to the development of the system , and has developed the " Chao Yin Thought " of the Eastern Han Dynasty , which has become a great rheology in the history of the development of the ideology .
In the late Western Han Dynasty , with the intensification of the social unrest and the rise and decline of the Western Han Dynasty , the first stealth climax of Qin and Han Dynasty appeared .
In the government ' s advocacy and reward , Eastern Han Dynasty ' s escape was very popular , the number of stealth characters was far more than that of Western Han Dynasty , and throughout the period of Eastern Han Dynasty .
But at the same time , it also causes some scholars to seek fame and gain the hidden phenomenon of the hidden phenomenon , and become a major disadvantage in the development of the thought of stealth .
In the late period of Eastern Han Dynasty , the Party ' s imprisonment and the collapse of the Eastern Han regime have eliminated the great centripetal force formed by the unified country to the scholar , and the hidden thought is more than a conscious alienation of the political power during the period . The awakening of the self - consciousness of the scholar finally leads to the reflection of the intrinsic value of the independence and freedom contained in the thought , which provides an important condition for further development in the period of Wei and Jin Dynasties .
【學位授予單位】:河南大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2012
【分類號】:K232
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