發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-20 16:44

  本文選題：清初山東 + 貳臣��； 參考：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：明清易代,與歷史上眾多改朝換代一樣,同樣造成了士大夫大批的分野。其抉擇無(wú)外乎兩種：生或死。在儒家倫理與綱常占據(jù)絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位的中國(guó)古代社會(huì),國(guó)亡君死臣子受辱,那些能殺身成仁,隨君殉國(guó)而去的臣子們是最為士論所激賞而得百世流芳的。與此相反,那些選擇茍活的士人則會(huì)遭輿論的指摘與攻訐；若轉(zhuǎn)而投向新朝,做了“貳臣”,無(wú)疑更遭輿論鄙棄而為人所不齒的。尤其清王朝以少數(shù)民族的身份入主,又為此次的鼎革摻雜了夷夏之辨的成分,貳臣們所面臨的輿論壓力前所未有。 縱如此,由于明末紛繁復(fù)雜的特殊情況,在由明入清的過(guò)程里,壯烈殉節(jié)者百中無(wú)一,高蹈不仕者十不取一,大批的勝國(guó)舊臣還是先后加入到了清朝的政府體系中。我們從一百多年后的乾隆朝編纂的《貳臣傳》中可以看到,甲編、乙編、文臣、武將,總共120多人的龐大隊(duì)伍,載之史籍而流傳,成了清朝標(biāo)榜宣傳儒家倫理道德的反面工具。而在《貳臣傳》中,北方尤其山東籍貫的貳臣,在許多方面,都是相當(dāng)?shù)鼐哂写硇浴?首先,從數(shù)量和構(gòu)成上,與滿洲龍興地的遼東并駕齊驅(qū),一文一武。然而,這些還是不足夠的。通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)史籍,對(duì)山東貳臣的數(shù)量進(jìn)行了一定補(bǔ)充,使之更趨全面,并對(duì)他們投降時(shí)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式等情況進(jìn)行了分析。 其次,在山東貳臣的區(qū)域分布上,由于大多數(shù)為文職,因此與明后期山東進(jìn)士的區(qū)域分布吻合,主要分布于三個(gè)區(qū)域：魯西運(yùn)河區(qū)、魯中地區(qū)及沿海地區(qū)。這一分布格局的形成不是一蹴而就的,與這些地區(qū)地理形態(tài)、歷史傳統(tǒng)、民俗風(fēng)習(xí),更重要的是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展情況關(guān)系至巨,這些是潛移默化的隱性因素,明末的世態(tài)亂象則直接而顯現(xiàn)地促成了這一格局的最終形成。 再者,對(duì)貳臣科舉與仕途的研究。通過(guò)分析他們的進(jìn)士科大多數(shù)不理想的狀況及在明朝頗坎坷的仕途歷程,得出他們的迅速降附也是其來(lái)有自。要知道,在士人紛紛以以孤臣孽子相標(biāo)榜,以氣節(jié)操守相砥礪的易代之際,貳臣在道德操守的評(píng)價(jià)上無(wú)疑是最低等次的,這在視名聲極重的古代士人社會(huì)可謂如墮深淵。但是他們也是有區(qū)分的：在降附時(shí),他們或自愿或被迫；或夤緣攀附、極盡諂媚；或無(wú)所憑依、接受招撫。在成為貳臣后,他們有的在新朝的政府里面功勛卓著,建樹(shù)頗多；有的卻尸位素餐、庸碌無(wú)為；有的甚至還貪賄營(yíng)私、聲名狼藉。 最后,大多貳臣在政務(wù)之余或掛冠歸家后,能夠展現(xiàn)一個(gè)文人士大夫的本色�；蚬码[獨(dú)活,贖罪懺悔；或闡幽發(fā)微,著書(shū)立說(shuō)；或詩(shī)酒酬唱,縱情山水；或出粟納資,為善鄉(xiāng)里。他們這些歷盡鉛華后表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的的情懷尤為彌足珍貴。
[Abstract]:The change of Ming and Qing dynasties, like many changes in history, also caused a large number of scholars and officials. There are only two choices: life or death. In the ancient Chinese society, where Confucian ethics and principles occupied an absolute dominant position, the dead subjects were humiliated, and those who could kill and die with the king died for the country. On the contrary, those who choose to survive will be criticized and criticized by public opinion. Especially the Qing Dynasty as a minority, but also for this revolution mixed with the elements of the debate of the Yi Xia, the two ministers are facing unprecedented pressure of public opinion. Even so, because of the complicated special circumstances in the late Ming Dynasty, in the process of the Ming and Qing dynasties, none of the heroic martyrs died, and a large number of victorious old ministers joined the government system of the Qing Dynasty. More than a hundred years later, we can see from the "Biography of the second Minister" compiled by the Qianlong Dynasty more than a hundred years later, A, B, Wen Chen, Wu General, a large contingent of more than 120 people in total, the historical books contained and circulated, became the negative tool to propagate Confucian ethics and morality in the Qing Dynasty. In the Biography of the two Ministers, the two ministers in the north, especially in Shandong, are quite representative in many respects. First of all, from the number and composition, and Manchuria Longxing in Liaodong parallel, a one-man. However, these are not enough. By referring to the relevant historical records, this paper supplements the number of the second ministers in Shandong to make it more comprehensive, and analyzes the time, place and method of their surrender. Secondly, the regional distribution of the second minister in Shandong is mostly civilian, so it coincides with the regional distribution of Jinshi in Shandong in the late Ming Dynasty. It is mainly distributed in three regions: Luxi Yunhe area, central Shandong area and coastal area. The formation of this distribution pattern was not accomplished overnight. It is related to the geographical form of these areas, historical traditions, folk customs and customs, and, more importantly, the economic development situation. These are hidden factors that are imperceptible. The chaos of the world in the late Ming Dynasty directly contributed to the formation of this pattern. Furthermore, the study of the imperial examination and official career. Through the analysis of most of the unideal conditions of the Jin Scholars and their bumpy career in the Ming Dynasty, it was concluded that their rapid descent was also a source. We must know, in the scholars one after another in order to stand up to the individual sinful, with integrity to the integrity of the other generation, the second minister in the evaluation of moral integrity is undoubtedly the lowest rank, this in the reputation of the ancient scholar society can be said to fall into the abyss. But there is also a distinction between them: they either volunteer or be forced when they descend, or they are in the middle, flattering themselves, or accepting caresses without anything to do with them. After becoming two ministers, some of them have made many achievements in the new government; some have done nothing in the dead, and some have even taken bribes to deal with private affairs. Finally, most of the officials returned home after government affairs or hanging the crown, can show the true character of a literati. Or solitary secret work, repentance; or interpretation of subtle, writing books; or poetry and wine singing, indulging in the landscape, or millet money, for the good countryside. Their feelings after the experience of the lead is particularly precious.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K249

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 朱亞非;;山東早期的紡織業(yè)與北方海上絲綢之路[J];管子學(xué)刊;1993年01期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 張?jiān)鱿?明清時(shí)期山東進(jìn)士的時(shí)空分布研究[D];南京師范大學(xué);2008年

，

本文編號(hào)：1778626