本文選題：明代　切入點(diǎn)：瓦剌　出處：《中央民族大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】：正統(tǒng)十四年(1449)七月,瓦刺南下,于土木堡俘虜明英宗,明軍大敗。這是繼“靖康之難”后再次出現(xiàn)的中原皇帝被異族政權(quán)俘虜?shù)拇笫隆@明朝迎復(fù)英宗與瓦刺送還,出現(xiàn)了一系列軍事沖突、使臣交涉,景泰元年(1450)八月,英宗南歸,結(jié)束“北狩”生活。這既是明朝中央權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移、朝臣經(jīng)世思想變更的過程,也是瓦刺內(nèi)部矛盾顯現(xiàn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)依賴明朝供給的反映。英宗南歸后,景泰、天順年間,明朝內(nèi)部政治斗爭愈演愈烈,對蒙政策上,也以“土木之變”為鑒,日趨保守。 本文擬在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,以《明實(shí)錄》為基本史料,結(jié)合當(dāng)朝和后世出現(xiàn)的私人著述、官方史料,較為全面系統(tǒng)地分析涉及“土木之變”的若干問題,澄清相關(guān)史實(shí),力求恢復(fù)這段歷史的本來面目。 全文除緒論外,共分為四章。第一章探討了也先發(fā)動這場戰(zhàn)爭的原因,通過分析事變爆發(fā)的背景形勢以及相關(guān)史料的成書背景和淵源,對“朝貢矛盾”和“結(jié)姻不成”做進(jìn)一步分析；第二章對“土木之變”的過程做了梳理,通過對明朝重要邊城失守、明軍倉促出戰(zhàn)、明軍行軍路線等的闡述,分析了明軍失利的原因；第三章主要分析了圍繞迎復(fù)英宗出現(xiàn)的使臣派遣、軍事沖突。景帝即位之初,派遣使臣只言報(bào)聘,不及迎復(fù),瓦剌以為英宗“奇貨可居”,假意送還。北京保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)后,景帝固位之心日堅(jiān),對迎復(fù)英宗一事推倭再三,而守正大臣重提嫡長子繼承制的封建正統(tǒng),主張迎復(fù),由此引發(fā)激烈爭論。瓦刺方面,認(rèn)識到英宗的利用價值降低,一再遣使求和；第四章論述了英宗南歸至成功復(fù)辟的過程,探討明朝激烈的政治斗爭。圍繞迎駕禮儀、皇儲問題以及英宗復(fù)辟,明朝皇權(quán)斗爭愈發(fā)激烈,朝臣為了保護(hù)自身利益,左右搖擺、嫁禍誣陷,斗爭也更加殘酷。同時,鑒于“土木之變”的出現(xiàn),景泰、天順年間調(diào)整了對蒙古政策。
[Abstract]:Orthodox 14 years 1449) in July, Wazai went south and captured Ming Yingzong in a civil castle, and the Ming army suffered a great defeat. This was a major event in which the emperor of the Central Plains appeared again after "the difficulties of Jing Kang", and was captured by foreign regimes. There was a series of military conflicts, the envoys' negotiations, Jingtai's first year of 1450) in August, when Yingzong returned to the south to end the life of "Beishou". This was not only the process of the transfer of central power in the Ming Dynasty, the process of changing the ideology of the courtiers in the world, but also the internal contradictions of the tile thorns. After Yingzong returned to the south, Jingtai, Tianshun years, the Ming Dynasty internal political struggle intensified, the Mongolian policy, also take "civil engineering change" as a warning, increasingly conservative. On the basis of previous studies, this paper, taking Ming Shi Lu as the basic historical data and combining the official historical data with the private writings of Dang Dynasty and later generations, systematically and comprehensively analyzes some problems related to the "civil engineering change" and clarifies the relevant historical facts. Strive to restore this period of history as it is. The thesis is divided into four chapters except the introduction. The first chapter discusses the reasons why the war was launched first, through the analysis of the background situation of the incident and the background and origin of the relevant historical materials. The second chapter makes a further analysis of the process of "civil engineering change", through the elaboration of the Ming Dynasty important frontier cities lost, the Ming army rushed to battle, the Ming army march line, etc. The third chapter mainly analyzes the dispatch of envoys and military conflicts around the return of Emperor King. At the beginning of King King's accession to the throne, the dispatch of envoys was only reported, but not as good as that of Yingfu. After the defense war in Beijing, King King's heart became stronger and he tried to push back the restoration of Yingzong over and over again, and the minister of justice again mentioned the feudal orthodoxy inherited by his eldest son. The fourth chapter discusses the process of Yingzong returning from the south to the successful restoration, and discusses the fierce political struggle of the Ming Dynasty. The question of the Crown Prince and the restoration of the British Emperor made the struggle for imperial power in the Ming Dynasty more intense. In order to protect their own interests, courtiers swayed from side to side, framed and framed the struggle. At the same time, in view of the emergence of "civil engineering changes," Jingtai, Tianshun adjusted its policy toward Mongolia.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K248

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