本文選題：晚明　切入點：祁彪佳　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 晚明時期,是研究明清易代的重點之一；晚明吏治問題,是明之所以亡的重要原因。晚明吏治,無疑是腐敗的,但究竟如何腐敗?晚明官場中,各色官員是怎樣的一種生存狀態(tài)?生存其中的晚明高級官員——祁彪佳,是很好的人物媒介。筆者希望通過祁彪佳的所見所聞以及親身經(jīng)歷,反映出晚明官場的真實形態(tài),探討晚明吏治的弊端無法改革和拯救的深層原因。 1627年,崇禎即位,誅殺閹黨,整頓朝綱,試圖建立中興之治,終究失敗。崇禎時期,是明之最末,崇禎比之先輩,已算是“勵精圖治”,雖不能讓明中興,卻也不該成為亡國之君。晚明吏治,該是如何敗壞,才致非亡國之君亡國也?誠然,吏治問題只是原因之一,雖是之一卻是舉足輕重,無論經(jīng)濟(jì)還是軍事等各類事務(wù),皆需官員打理,官員的作風(fēng)與治績對于一個王朝整個體制的有效運作影響深遠(yuǎn)。因此,本文主要借助于祁彪佳親身經(jīng)歷與親自處理的兩個案件,對此一時期的吏治情形進(jìn)行闡述。 祁彪佳經(jīng)歷的明末最后一場大型政治斗爭——癸未之爭,是良臣與權(quán)臣的對抗,是言官與皇帝的對峙,是閣臣與皇帝的角逐。在這場政治斗爭中,可以窺見權(quán)臣如何弄權(quán),官僚之間如何傾軋,皇帝如何多疑,最終導(dǎo)致明朝一直以來的積弊越發(fā)嚴(yán)重,明朝逐漸走上了窮途末路。而祁彪佳經(jīng)手的兄弟鬩墻案,從審案官員的處理手段,可以窺見官員的失職作為、無能作為。一為親身經(jīng)歷,一為經(jīng)手案件,相信通過祁彪佳所留下的私人材料和官方文書,能夠真實反映出晚明官場的混亂與無序。 通過兩個個案的研究和分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)官員中存在幾個不同群體——權(quán)臣、良臣和尸位素餐者,這三個群體并不是明末所獨獨存在的,但是這三個群體之間的傾軋與斗爭的激烈程度與普遍化,卻是明末所獨有的。筆者在兩個個案研究和分析的基礎(chǔ)之上,進(jìn)一步通過祁彪佳年譜之中所反映出的此類現(xiàn)象將官員的個性特征擴(kuò)展為晚明官場上官員的普遍性特征。從特殊性到普遍性,印證的是晚明吏治的腐敗和灰暗�；蛟S崇禎本可以憑借自身的才能和勤勉進(jìn)行挽救,然而因崇禎對官員的普遍不信任并由此導(dǎo)致其用人不端,卻只是惡化了政治體制中的種種弊端。由此,官場之上風(fēng)氣敗壞,官員本身積習(xí)難除,體制的弊端又日益嚴(yán)重,晚明吏治陷入的是一條走不出去的死胡同。
[Abstract]:In the late Ming Dynasty, it was one of the key points to study the change of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the problem of official administration in the late Ming Dynasty was an important reason for the death of the Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty, there was no doubt that the official administration was corrupt, but how was it corrupt? In the late Ming Dynasty, what kind of official is a living state? The senior official of the late Ming Dynasty, Qi Yujia, is a very good character medium. The author hopes that through what he sees and hears and through his own experience, he can reflect the true form of the official field in the late Ming Dynasty. This paper probes into the deep reasons why the malpractice of official administration in the late Ming Dynasty could not be reformed and saved. In 1627, Chongzhen ascended the throne, killed the castrated party, rectified the regime of the dynasty, and failed in the end. Chongzhen period was the last of the Ming Dynasty, and Chongzhen was more than the forerunner of the Ming Dynasty, so it was already regarded as "good governance", although it could not be allowed to allow the Ming Dynasty to be ZTE. In the late Ming Dynasty, how did the official rule be corrupted to the ruler who was not the subjugation of the country? To be sure, the problem of official administration is only one of the reasons, although one of the reasons is that it is very important. No matter economic or military affairs, all kinds of affairs need to be managed by officials. The style and achievements of officials have far-reaching influence on the effective operation of the whole system of a dynasty. This article, with the help of Qi Pu-jia 's personal experience and the two cases handled in person, expounds the situation of official administration in this period. The last major political struggle experienced by Qi Pu-jia in the late Ming Dynasty was the confrontation between good officials and imperial officials, the confrontation between speech officials and emperors, and the contest between cabinet ministers and emperors. In this political struggle, one can see how the ministers of power exercise power. How the bureaucrats ran over each other and how suspicious the emperor was, eventually led to more and more bad practices in the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty gradually went to the end of the road. And Qi Pu-jia 's brother quarrelling case, from the means of handling the case of the ad litem officers, It is believed that the private materials and official documents left by Qi Pu Jia can truly reflect the chaos and disorder of the late Ming Dynasty. Through the study and analysis of two cases, we can find that there are several different groups among the officials-Quan Chen, Liang Chen and the dead person. These three groups do not exist alone in the late Ming Dynasty. However, the intensity and universality of these three groups' strife and struggle are unique in the end of Ming Dynasty. On the basis of two case studies and analyses, Further through the phenomenon reflected in Qi's chronology, the personality characteristics of officials were expanded to the general characteristics of officials in the late Ming Dynasty, from particularity to universality. Perhaps Chongzhen could have been saved by his own talent and diligence, but because of his general distrust of officials and the resulting misuse of personnel, But it only worsens the malpractice in the political system. As a result, the atmosphere above the official field is bad, the officials themselves accumulate habits, and the malpractice of the system is becoming more and more serious, and the official administration of the late Ming Dynasty is caught in a dead end that cannot go out.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K248

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本文編號：1557345