本文關鍵詞： 魏晉南北朝 隱逸現(xiàn)象 學術思潮 社會形勢 隱士 社會影響　出處：《南開大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：中國歷史上的隱士數(shù)量之多堪稱世界之最,隱逸現(xiàn)象和隱士的生活也因其“隱”而變得神秘莫測。有機會或有條件出仕的士人長期或暫時性遠離社會政治活動,游走于社會邊緣的行為,在中國歷朝歷代都不乏其人。魏晉南北朝是中古史上極為重要的轉折時期,它上接秦漢、下啟隋唐,在政治制度、學術思潮、文學藝術和社會風尚等各個方面都有著跨越式的發(fā)展和質的飛躍。隱逸現(xiàn)象是魏晉南北朝一個重要的社會現(xiàn)象,隱逸思想廣泛流行、隱士群體力量十分壯大,涵蓋了士人中的各個階層,而且得到了有史以來最為廣泛的社會認同。魏晉南北朝的隱逸是在東漢中后期掀起的一個隱逸浪潮的基礎上發(fā)展而來的,東漢中后期至漢魏之際隱逸思潮的興起和發(fā)展以及隱逸現(xiàn)象的流行對魏晉南北朝隱逸文化的發(fā)展和隱逸現(xiàn)象的興盛都有著直接的推動作用,又因為魏晉南北朝鮮明的時代特點和其中各個階段政治文化背景的差異,使得這一階段的隱逸現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)了多樣化和極端化的特點。 魏晉南北朝時期是各種學術思潮融合交匯的時代,儒學地位雖有下降,但仍深刻影響著士人們的思想；老莊之學蓬勃發(fā)展,成為士人們的新寵,對他們的思想認識起到了顛覆性的改革,尤其是在此基礎上發(fā)展而來的玄學理論,更是成為這一時代標志性的文化符號；兩漢時期引入我國的佛教和土生土長的道教在魏晉南北朝時期得到了空前繁榮的發(fā)展,深刻影響了社會各個階層,尤其是士人的思想意識形態(tài)。這些思想理論中不乏避世與出世觀念,對士人隱逸思想的形成和隱逸行為的產(chǎn)生都起到了推波助瀾的作用。 魏晉南北朝是中國歷史上典型的亂世,政治斗爭異常激烈、軍事斗爭更加殘酷,政權的頻繁更替、社會的持續(xù)動蕩都是造成隱士大量出現(xiàn)的客觀原因。因此,在魏晉南北朝各個階段,都不同程度存在著因避亂避禍而隱居的士人。除此之外,魏晉之際隱士不滿現(xiàn)實的求“道”之隱、西晉蔚然興起的逍遙莊氏之隱、十六國北朝的不仕胡族之隱以及東晉南朝的以“隱”為時尚之美的現(xiàn)象都彰顯了這一時代隱逸現(xiàn)象的多樣性和復雜性特點。另外,因學術而隱、因孝而隱以及因信仰宗教而隱的現(xiàn)象也十分常見,可見這一階段隱逸類型的繁多。 基本的生活保障是隱士能夠持續(xù)隱居生活、堅守人格自由和獨立的前提。中國古代社會小農經(jīng)濟為主導的經(jīng)濟背景是隱逸生活得以實現(xiàn)和堅持的經(jīng)濟基礎,它深刻影響著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、使人們產(chǎn)生安貧樂道的思想意識,所以,小農經(jīng)濟的生產(chǎn)和消費方式對隱逸現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展是十分有利的。魏晉南北朝隱士的生活來源以灌園耕種、聚徒教授為主,也有部分隱士以采集漁獵和小型商業(yè)買賣為生,這與他們的自身素質有關,也和這一時期經(jīng)濟、文化的發(fā)展息息相關。魏晉南北朝時期隱士在生活狀態(tài)上有著很大差異,既有莊園之隱的舒適愜意,又有山林之隱的貧陋艱辛,但總的來說,這一時期隱士的生活狀態(tài)趨向赤貧化和原始化。 魏晉南北朝隱士普遍長壽,因為他們的社會壓力相對較小,生活方式較為健康,但因為各種主客觀原因,有部分隱士的心理偏激、行為怪異。隱士們的物質生活雖然貧乏簡陋,但卻有著傲人的精神財富,著書立說、聚徒教授是他們益于當下、澤被后世的舉動；謹言慎行、高尚淳樸是他們被世代頌揚的美好情操,純化了周圍的民風民俗,起到了良好的社會教化作用。 魏晉南北朝隱士數(shù)量眾多,隱逸現(xiàn)象也受到了社會的廣泛認同,隱士地位有所提高,受到了皇帝以及各級政府官員的重視。這一時期各個階段的招隱士活動都十分頻繁,具有經(jīng)常性、穩(wěn)定性、寬容性和高度重視的特點,但有時也存在形式主義的弊端。在看待魏晉南北朝隱士時,應該采取全面、客觀的態(tài)度,雖然他們有消極、逃避的一面,但隱士們在“立言”和“立德”方面都有自己的貢獻,他們安貧樂道、不慕榮祿的高邁之氣,是對古代官本位思想的一種摒棄和超越。
[Abstract]:The history of the hermit Chinese number of most of the world, and the phenomenon of the hermit life because of its "hidden" and become mysterious. Have the opportunity or conditional long-term or temporary official taxi people away from the social and political activities, walk on the edge of society, both in the China calendar dynasties. No lack of such people in Wei Jin South and North in ancient dynasties is very important period, it is connected with the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in the political system, academic thoughts, literature and art of each society has a great leap forward development and qualitative leap. The phenomenon is an important social phenomenon in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, widely popular the thoughts of hermit, hermit groups is growing, covering all sectors of the scholars, and have extensive social identity as ever. The Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties hermit is a recluse in the late Eastern Han Dynasty set off a wave of On the basis of the development and prosperity of East Hanzhoung, the occasion of the Han period to the rise and development of the thought and the phenomenon of the popularity of the development and the phenomenon of recluse culture of the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties have a direct role in promoting, and because the age characteristics and differences of Wei Jin and the northern and southern North Korea Ming in various stages of political and cultural background which makes the phenomenon of this stage is characterized by diversification and extreme.
The Wei and Jin Dynasties is the academic trend of integration of the intersection of the times, Confucianism has decreased, but still a profound impact on people's thought; Laozi school to flourish, become people's favorite, on their thoughts to disruptive reform, especially the development and on the basis of this the theory of metaphysics, is to become the era of cultural symbols; Han Dynasty into China's Buddhism and native Taoism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties has been an unprecedented prosperity, has a profound impact on all sectors of society, especially the scholar's ideology. Are these theories and the concept of masquerade was born in formation the recluse and seclusion of ideological behavior have played an important role.
Wei and Jin Dynasties is a typical Chinese history of chaos, political struggle is fierce, more brutal military struggle, frequent replacement of the regime, sustained social unrest are objective causes for the emergence of a large number of hermits. Therefore, in each stage of the northern and Southern Dynasties, there are different degrees of refuge from seclusion for scholars. In addition in addition, Wei and Jin Dynasty hermit discontented for "Tao" hidden, the rise of the Western Jin Dynasty at Chongs hidden, in Sixteen Kingdoms not Shi Hu nationality implicit and explicit diversity of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in this era and complexity to the phenomenon of "hidden" for the beauty of fashion phenomenon all clear. In addition, because of academic and hidden, and hidden, and hidden because of religious phenomenon is also very common for filial piety, visible this stage hermit types are various.
The basic life safeguard is the hermit can continue seclusion, adhere to the premise of personality freedom and independence. Chinese ancient social economic background of peasant economy as the leading economic base is the realization and adhere to the life of the hermit to, it profoundly influences people's mode of production, make people produce Anpinyuedao ideology, so that the production of small-scale peasant economy and the development of the phenomenon of consumption is very favorable. The life source of the hermit Wei to garden irrigation farming, and poly professors, are also part of the hermit to collect small commercial fishing and hunting and trading for a living, which is related to their own quality, and this period of economic and cultural development is closely related to the. The northern and Southern Dynasties hermit and there are great differences between the life condition, both of the manor hidden comfortable, and the mountains of hidden poor ugly hardships, but in general, this period of hidden The living state of the scholar tends to be impoverished and primordial.
Wei and Jin Dynasties hermit longevity, because of their social pressure is relatively small, relatively healthy lifestyle, but because of various subjective and objective reasons, there are some hermit psychological extreme, strange behavior. The hermit's material life although poor, but a spiritual wealth, proud of writing, they get together and Professor benefit from the moment, move cautiously, growing in the esteem of future generations; they are honest noble generations praise beautiful sentiment, folk customs around the purification, played a good role in social education.
A large number of Wei and Jin Dynasties, the phenomenon has also been widely recognized by the society, a improved status by the emperor and government officials at all levels of attention. Each stage of this period the hermit activities are very frequent, often has the characteristics of wide compatibility, stability, and attention, but sometimes also disadvantages the existence of formalism. In view of Wei and Jin Dynasties hermit, should take a comprehensive and objective manner, although they have a negative side, escape, but the hermit in the "speech" and "morality" have their own contribution, they do not admire the good Anpinyuedao, Rong Lu Qi, is a kind of get rid of and beyond the ancient official standard thought.

【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K235
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本文編號：1554904