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  本文關鍵詞：唐德順憲三朝中樞體制若干問題探研　出處：《山東大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 唐代 翰林學士 宦官 宰相 中樞體制

【摘要】：經(jīng)過安史之亂,唐王朝包括中樞體制在內(nèi)的各方面都需要進行調整。肅代二朝因種種原因沒有對中樞體制進行調整。至德宗才開始著手對中樞體制進行調整,主要在于三個方面：翰林學士、宦官和宰相。 德宗朝,以涇原兵亂為契機,翰林學士取得了極大發(fā)展。兵亂之后,這種發(fā)展成果沉淀下來,并為翰林學士制度的進一步發(fā)展奠定了基礎。順宗時政局動蕩,翰林學士王叔文抓住機會掌握朝政,充分顯示出翰林學士身處內(nèi)廷的位置優(yōu)勢。憲宗嗣立,翰林學士起了很大作用。憲宗即位伊始便以翰林學士鄭}j為承旨學士,不久又任其為相。元和初,翰林學士院設立書詔印,正式確立了學士院的草詔權。憲宗朝,承旨學士在內(nèi)廷專受專對,深受信任,但仍處于被動的顧問地位。 德宗在經(jīng)過慎重考慮之后,讓宦官統(tǒng)領禁軍。宦官取得對禁軍的完全領導,經(jīng)歷了一個比較長的過程,這個過程也是德宗和憲宗對禁軍兵制的改革過程。貞元十二年,神策中尉設立,宦官取得了對神策軍的完全領導權,憲宗又將天威軍并入神策軍,并將左右三軍的實際領導權交予宦官,宦官領導禁軍的制度最終確立。在憲宗朝,樞密使開始參與中樞政治,經(jīng)常參與國家大政的討論,為以后樞密使制度的確立打下了基礎。由此,“宦官之勢”應是成于憲宗而不是德宗。但此時宦官仍處于皇帝的嚴格控制之中,因而此時宦官權勢的增強,說到底是皇權的增強。唐后期宦官主權局面的形成,除了宦官手握兵權之外,太子的失勢是另一個根本原因。 宰相在德宗朝初期擁有與代宗時期相當?shù)臋嗔?但是在德宗后期被架空。憲宗時期,宰相權力全面恢復并在政治上起主導作用。但是隨著當時使職系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和宦官對禁軍領導權的掌握,宰相的政治根基已經(jīng)丟失,因而德順憲時期宰相的權力相對能夠比較容易地被剝奪。 翰林學士、宦官和宰相之間的關系以合作為主,沖突為次,都是在皇帝的控制下進行活動。 至憲宗,對中樞體制的調整完成。調整后,皇權得到了極大加強,在新的中樞體制中,皇帝處于絕對的核心地位,皇權處于絕對的優(yōu)勢地位。
[Abstract]:After the Anshi Rebellion, all aspects of the Tang Dynasty, including the central system, needed to be adjusted. Due to various reasons, the Su Dynasty and the second Dynasty did not adjust the central system. Until de Zong began to adjust the central system. Mainly lie in three aspects: Hanlin bachelor, eunuch and prime minister. Dezong Dynasty, with Jing Yuan soldiers chaos as an opportunity, Hanlin Bachelor made great progress. After the military chaos, this development result precipitated, and laid the foundation for further development of Hanlin Bachelor system. Hanlin Bachelor Wang Shuwen seized the opportunity to master the government, fully showing the Hanlin bachelor's position advantage in the court. Hanlin Bachelor of Science played a great role. At the beginning of the reign of the Emperor, he took Hanlin Bachelor Zheng} j as his principal bachelor, and soon appointed him as his counterpart. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty and the early days, the Hanlin College of Bachelor of Science established the imperial edict printing. The court formally established the power of the Chao Chao. In the reign of the constitution, the baccalaureate was highly trusted, but still in a passive advisory position. After careful consideration, Dezong let eunuchs lead the forbidden army. Eunuchs obtained complete leadership of the forbidden army and experienced a relatively long process. This process was also the process of the reform of the system of forbidden troops by the German and the Xianzong. In the twelfth year of the Zhenyuan Dynasty, when the Lieutenant of God Policy was established, the eunuchs obtained the complete leadership over the divine strategy army, and the Xianzong incorporated the Tianwei army into the divine strategy army. And left and right the actual leadership of the three armed forces to eunuchs, eunuchs to lead the ban on the establishment of the system. It laid the foundation for the establishment of the secret system. Therefore, the "eunuchs' power" should become the constitution rather than the virtuous zong. But at this time, the eunuchs are still under the strict control of the emperor, so the eunuchs' power is strengthened at this time. The formation of eunuchs sovereignty in the late Tang Dynasty, besides the military power of eunuchs, the loss of princes was another fundamental reason. The prime minister had the same power in the early days of the Dezong dynasty as in the generational period, but in the late Dezong period. The prime minister's power was fully restored and played a leading role in politics. But with the development of the post system and the eunuchs' control of the leadership of the proscribed army, the political foundation of the prime minister had been lost. As a result, the power of the prime minister in the de Shun constitutional period can be relatively easily deprived. The relationship between Hanlin, eunuchs and prime ministers was mainly cooperative and secondary to conflict, and was carried out under the control of the emperor. After the adjustment, the imperial power was greatly strengthened. In the new central system, the emperor was in the absolute core position and the imperial power was in the absolute superiority position.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K242

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