本文關(guān)鍵詞：試析明代中后期的財(cái)政與物價(jià)民生（1521-1644）　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 明代中國(guó) 物價(jià) 俸祿 財(cái)政 稅收

【摘要】：與記述史料所反映出來(lái)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展動(dòng)向不同，物價(jià)資料所顯示的是一種看似毫無(wú)規(guī)律漲漲落落變幻無(wú)常的曲線而已。然而，物價(jià)資料其實(shí)從未僅僅如它表面所顯示出來(lái)的那樣簡(jiǎn)單，它的每一次漲落都對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了影響或者換句話說(shuō)它是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，而它的漲與落都是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生變動(dòng)后的結(jié)果。說(shuō)到物價(jià)史的研究，人們或許會(huì)認(rèn)為這僅僅是一種統(tǒng)計(jì)與整理的過(guò)程。我在這里寫(xiě)這篇文章，并不想僅僅局限于統(tǒng)計(jì)、整理這樣的方法，而是想探討通過(guò)物價(jià)這個(gè)角度去研究能否在原始資料中發(fā)現(xiàn)新的問(wèn)題。由于時(shí)間以及本人自身能力的不足，我在此僅能從一些有限的物價(jià)、財(cái)政資料中尋找一些規(guī)律，并將研究時(shí)間局限在明代中后期，同時(shí)也是解除筆者自身對(duì)于明代官員有名的“低俸”所產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)大環(huán)境的疑惑。由于地域性和時(shí)間跨度等問(wèn)題，筆者將從整體簡(jiǎn)要分析當(dāng)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)物價(jià)狀況。 與物價(jià)不可分割的則是這一時(shí)期的財(cái)政狀況，由于中央政府在不同時(shí)期的財(cái)政政策、稅收的變化，，物價(jià)在某種程度上反映了這種稅收情況以及政策的制定，而稅收的結(jié)果也能從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映出這一時(shí)期的物價(jià)民生經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。兩者是緊密相連的，在我們探討明中后期的物價(jià)經(jīng)濟(jì)就不得不關(guān)注那一時(shí)期的財(cái)政政策的執(zhí)行以及他的稅收，當(dāng)它的稅收情況與物價(jià)的波動(dòng)相符合時(shí)，這個(gè)時(shí)期的財(cái)政政策我們可以稱之為是符合當(dāng)時(shí)實(shí)際情況的。一旦出現(xiàn)矛盾，則可以看出這一時(shí)期的財(cái)政出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，并將導(dǎo)致各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生。財(cái)政稅收的狀況以及物價(jià)水平的高低亦能反映出此時(shí)明王朝社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，對(duì)于此時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題、社會(huì)矛盾都能有個(gè)較為清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)。因此，筆者從財(cái)政與物價(jià)這兩方面著手，力圖立體、直觀的還原明中后期的經(jīng)濟(jì)情況，分析此時(shí)所產(chǎn)生各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題的必然性以及規(guī)律性，以簡(jiǎn)潔明了的方式呈現(xiàn)出當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況以及人民百姓的基本生活狀態(tài)。 我個(gè)人將其總結(jié)為一個(gè)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、民生規(guī)律，這個(gè)規(guī)律簡(jiǎn)稱為“一二二一”規(guī)律。即：“一”一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的政府才成稅收來(lái)源；“二”1、國(guó)家財(cái)政足以支撐政權(quán)的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。2、民眾生活收入足以支撐生存生活；“二”1、官員“傣祿”不可過(guò)低，要足夠生活。2、官員俸祿水平民眾可以接受，不可過(guò)高；“一”一個(gè)貧富懸殊不影響到人們的心理底線就是保持社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定的重要條件，否之則帶來(lái)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:Different economic and social development trend from historical data reflected, shows that the price data is a seemingly regular rise and fall of the curve only changing all the time. However, the price data is never just as it surface is shown as simple, every time its fluctuations are on the social and economic impact in other words it is a product of social and economic fluctuations, and it's up and down after a change are social and economic results. Speaking of the history of prices, people may think that this is just a statistical and finishing process. Here I am writing this article, do not want to be limited to statistics, finishing this way, but to explore this perspective through the price to study the possibility of new problems found in the original data. Due to lack of time and my own ability, I can only from some limited The price, to find some rules of financial data, and limitations of the study period in late Ming Dynasty, but also relieve the social environment arising from the author's own officials for the Ming Dynasty, the famous "low salary" doubts. Because of the geographical and time span and other issues, the author will briefly analysis from the overall economic price situation at that time.
And the price is inseparable during this period of financial situation, because the central government in different periods of fiscal policy, tax changes, the price reflects the development of the tax and policy to a certain extent, but the tax results can reflect this period the price of the livelihood and economic situation from one side. The two are closely linked, in our study in the late Ming and the price we have to pay attention to economic execution and his tax of the period of fiscal policy, when the tax and price fluctuations consistent with it, this period of fiscal policy we can call is in line with the actual situation at that time. Once the contradiction, you can see that this period of financial problems, and will lead to various social problems. The fiscal and tax status and the level of the price level also reflects the Ming Dynasty society The development status of the economy, the social problems caused by the social contradictions, can have a more clear understanding. Therefore, the author started from the financial and price of these two aspects to three-dimensional, the economic situation in the late Ming direct reduction, the analysis of all kinds of social problems arising inevitability and regularity in a concise manner, showing the social and economic situation at that time, people's basic living conditions.
I will summarize it as a social economy, people's livelihood rules, this rule is referred to as the "1221 rules". Namely: "one" as a stable source of tax revenue the government; "two" 1, the normal operation of the.2 national finance to support the regime of the people's life income sufficient to support life; "two" 1 officials, "salary" is not low enough to live.2, people can accept the official salary level, can not be too high; "a" a disparity does not affect people's psychological bottom line is to maintain social and economic stability of the important conditions, whether the economy will lead to social instability.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K248

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