本文關(guān)鍵詞：明代延綏鎮(zhèn)糧餉供應(yīng)地理研究　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】： 明“九邊”的研究一直是學(xué)界研究的傳統(tǒng)和重點領(lǐng)域,但這些研究集中在以兵制、戰(zhàn)爭、民族關(guān)系為主題的政治和軍事領(lǐng)域,在社會經(jīng)濟史的研究中也有涉及到九邊的重要內(nèi)容,如軍屯與鹽法。但從整體上看,以某一邊鎮(zhèn)作為單獨研究對象的研究成果比較少見,尤其是延綏鎮(zhèn)；而在九邊的研究領(lǐng)域中,以邊鎮(zhèn)糧餉供應(yīng)為課題的研究則更少。延綏作為西北重鎮(zhèn),因地理環(huán)境的限制糧餉籌措艱難,同時卻擔(dān)負(fù)著極其沉重的防務(wù),因此供應(yīng)與邊防的矛盾極其突出,但在這方面尚未引起學(xué)界的足夠重視。糧餉的供應(yīng)是一個系統(tǒng)性的課題,它涉及到了軍事、政治、民族、經(jīng)濟等多個研究領(lǐng)域,包含了屯政、鹽法、邊防等多個子課題。故本文選取延綏鎮(zhèn)為研究區(qū)域,并將上述項目統(tǒng)籌起來作為系統(tǒng)研究的對象,通過對史料的考證與分析、區(qū)域間的比照、數(shù)據(jù)的計量統(tǒng)計和圖表的對比等方法,來從歷史地理學(xué)的角度系統(tǒng)研究明代延綏鎮(zhèn)糧餉供應(yīng)的來源與特點,并探討供應(yīng)的有效性和邊防績效之間的關(guān)系。本文的具體研究在解決上述問題的同時,也能從側(cè)面了解到其他邊鎮(zhèn)的供應(yīng)狀況和明代財政的情況以及政治危機的由來。 本文主要內(nèi)容分為以下六個部分： 一、緒論部分,說明了本研究的選題緣由與研究對象及意義、研究動態(tài)和研究思路,并對主要史料做了簡略的解說。通過上述工作確定本文具有較大的研究空間,除能彌補該領(lǐng)域研究的空白外,在認(rèn)識歷史事實的同時也能作為現(xiàn)實的參考借鑒。 二、對延綏鎮(zhèn)的建置經(jīng)過和歷史地理環(huán)境做了探討和介紹,這兩點都是影響延綏鎮(zhèn)供應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的重要原因,因此是下文研究深入的重要背景。 三、分析了延綏鎮(zhèn)糧餉供應(yīng)的來源的形成和原因,并重點研究了區(qū)域內(nèi)的自給方式(屯田)。延綏鎮(zhèn)的糧餉供給結(jié)構(gòu)分為域內(nèi)自給和腹里轉(zhuǎn)輸兩大部分,而具體的供應(yīng)方式則有屯田、民運、開中、京運銀四種。域內(nèi)自給的方式主要是屯田,屯田又分為軍屯、民屯、商屯三類。由于史料的限制,雖然可以確定商屯曾補給過延綏鎮(zhèn)糧料,但其具體的實施過程、數(shù)額并不明了,且由于開中改為納銀中鹽后商屯很快退出該地,故商屯在延綏鎮(zhèn)糧餉供應(yīng)中的作用應(yīng)相當(dāng)有限。至于民屯是否直接補充過軍糧以及民屯的規(guī)模和產(chǎn)量史書中都缺乏足夠的記載,因此只能認(rèn)為軍屯才是域內(nèi)自給的長期而有效的方式。根據(jù)史料記載和相關(guān)研究成果,集中探討了軍屯在延綏鎮(zhèn)的興起和規(guī)�；臍v史過程、軍屯地的來源和分布以及屯田的績效。通過對明代奏疏和《萬歷會計錄》等史書中相關(guān)史料的考核,整理出了明代延綏鎮(zhèn)屯田子粒收入的變化情況后,發(fā)現(xiàn)屯糧由六萬余石下降到后期的四至萬石左右,確實經(jīng)歷了屯糧減少的下降過程。屯田收入減少,源于屯政的破壞。屯政的破壞表現(xiàn)為屯地拋荒流失、屯軍逃亡、屯田子粒減少,這三項既是表現(xiàn)也是原因,背后的深層次原因源于制度的破壞、環(huán)境的限制和蒙古的持續(xù)騷擾等方面,其中制度的弊端才是問題的根本。 四、依次集中研究了腹里地區(qū)對延綏鎮(zhèn)的三種補給方式。民糧的供應(yīng)情況包括民運糧供應(yīng)區(qū)的形成與分布、民運量的項目與數(shù)量變化、民糧輸邊的運輸方式和路線、民運的弊端等部分。延綏民糧供應(yīng)的主要來源地是陜西的西安等五府及山西、河南布政司,而湖廣、南直隸等其他省份的協(xié)濟在供應(yīng)中亦有重要作用。雖然額派陜西民糧二十八萬余石和河南布折銀三萬三千兩,但因改折、借調(diào)等原因,實際情況復(fù)雜得多。陜西民糧輸邊的組織和“大戶”存在重要聯(lián)系,運輸?shù)穆肪�主要沿驛路展開。民糧是延綏鎮(zhèn)最重要的糧餉來源,但也是民眾的沉重負(fù)擔(dān),運輸?shù)钠D難和天災(zāi)引起稅糧大量逋欠,對本鎮(zhèn)的供應(yīng)構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重的威脅。延綏開中自正統(tǒng)始,初因需奏請而開,后逐漸成例,成為客兵和募兵銀的重要來源。京運亦如是,由初時調(diào)撥補不敷變?yōu)槌＠y,數(shù)額亦由三萬兩攀升到三十余萬兩,成為餉銀的主要來源。 五、以邊倉為對象,分析了邊糧的分配問題,包括明代倉儲制度的概述和延綏邊倉的數(shù)量與分布、職儲與邊倉管理的弊端幾個方面。 六、對上文的問題進(jìn)行總結(jié),分析了延綏鎮(zhèn)供應(yīng)困境形成的原因,評價了供應(yīng)與邊防績效的關(guān)系,探討了可能的解決方式并對明代邊防與國運進(jìn)行了反思。
[Abstract]:To study the "nine side" has been a traditional and important fields of academic research, but these studies focus on the military system, war, ethnic relations as the theme of the political and military fields, in the study of social economic history also involves nine important content side, such as juntun and salt. But from on the whole, to one side of the town as the research object research alone is relatively rare, especially in the research field of Yansui town; and the nine side of the side of the town, to forage supply for the research is less. As the northwest city of Yansui, due to the restrictions of city geographical environment financing difficult, but also shoulder extremely heavy defense, so the contradiction between supply and the border is extremely prominent, but has not yet attracted enough attention to the academic world in this area. The forage supply is a systematic project, which involves the military, political, ethnic, economic and many other research fields, including Tun Zheng, salt, border and other multi project. So this paper selects Yansui town as the study area, and the project as a whole as the object of system research, through research and analysis of historical data, comparison between regions, statistics and chart data comparison method, to extend the origin and characteristics of Sui town forage supply from the perspective of historical geography of the Ming Dynasty, and to explore the relationship between the effectiveness and performance of border supply. The research in solving the problems at the same time, also can learn from side to the other side of the town of the origin of the supply situation and the financial situation of the Ming Dynasty and the political crisis.
The main contents of this paper are divided into the following six parts:
One, the introduction, explains the background and the object of study and significance, research trends and research ideas, and the main historical materials to do a brief explanation. Through the above work this paper has larger research space, except the blank can make up for research in this area, and also can be used as reference in the understanding of reality the facts of history at the same time.
Two, the establishment of Yansui town through historical and geographic environment is discussed and introduced, both of which are important factors affecting Yansui town supply structure changes, so it is important to study the background below.
Three, analyzes the form and reason of the forage supply source of Yansui Town, and focus on the way of self within the region (Garrison). Forage supply structure is divided into Yansui town within the domain of self-sufficiency and belly transfer of two parts, and the supply is in order, the MDC, opening, Beijing Yun Silver Four. Within the domain of self-sufficiency is the main way to open up wasteland, wasteland is divided into juntun, min Tun Tun, taking three classes. Due to historical limitations, although can determine shangdun supplies had been Yansui town grain feed, but the specific implementation process, the amount is unknown, and due to nano silver after taking the salt Tun soon pulled out of the ground, so shangdun in Yansui town forage supply in effect should be quite limited. As for the people whether directly added rations and Tun min Tun scale and production records in the lack of adequate records, so that only juntun is effective and long-term domain of self-sufficiency . according to historical records and related research, focus on the military in Yansui town and the rise of the scale of the historical process, like the sources and distribution of land performance. Based on the relevant historical materials of Ming Dynasty Wanli accounting record > and < Coushu etc. history examination, sorting out the changes of the Ming Dynasty Yan Sui Town Village Tian Zi grain income, found decreased by more than sixty thousand stone grain to the later four million stone, really experienced army reduced decline. Garrison reduced income from government failure. Zheng Tun Tun Tun to destruction is abandoned in the loss, Tun Tun Tian Lam, sub grain decreased it the three is also the source of damage, the reasons behind in the system, environmental constraints and the continued harassment of Mongolia and so on, the system is the root of the problem.
Four, in order to focus on the region of the three mode of supply. The supply of Yansui Town People's food supply food including the formation and distribution of the project quantity and quantity change of democracy, the people side of the grain transport means of transport and route problems such as pro democracy. The main source of food for Suimin. The Xi'an Shaanxi government and Shanxi five, and Henan buzhengsi, Hubei and Hunan, South Zhili and other provinces also have an important role in the economic society. Although the amount of supply sent to Shaanxi people Ershibawanyu grain stone and Henan cloth folding silver thirty-three thousand and two, but due to folding, seconded and other reasons, the actual situation is more complicated there is an important link. The people of Shaanxi transport organization and grain boundary "major", the main transportation route along the post road. The grain is the most important source of Yansui Town City, but also people's heavy burden, transportation difficulties and natural disasters caused by the large amount of grain tax debts, to The town supply constitutes a serious threat. In orthodox Yansui since beginning early because of the need to please open, gradually become an important source of precedent, soldiers and mercenary silver. Guest Beijing Yun is the same, at the beginning of time is not enough to fill the allocation rule of silver, amount from thirty-two thousand rise to Sanshiyuwanliang, become the main source of Xiangyin.
Five, taking border warehouse as an example, the distribution of border grain is analyzed, including the overview of storage system in the Ming Dynasty, the quantity and distribution of Yan Su side warehouse, and the drawbacks of warehouse management and side warehouse management.
Six, the above problems were summarized, analyzed the causes of the formation of Yansui town supply difficulties, evaluate the relation between the supply and the border performance, exploring the way of the border and the Ming Dynasty in the reflection.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K248

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