【摘要】： 伴隨著近代山東的社會轉(zhuǎn)型和清末山東的教育改革,山東知識分子加快了向近代轉(zhuǎn)型的步伐。在近代山東社會重重危機(jī)的催化下,山東產(chǎn)生了大批新型知識分子。近代山東新型知識分子的來源包括:具有傳統(tǒng)功名的士人接受新式教育,新式學(xué)堂的畢業(yè)生,留學(xué)生,教會學(xué)校學(xué)生。他們產(chǎn)生于清末,發(fā)展于民初,并在二十世紀(jì)二三十年代繁榮壯大,充分發(fā)揮其社會價值。 近代山東新型知識分子的數(shù)量并不固定,其人數(shù)的多寡,伴隨教育的發(fā)展而有所變化。清末山東新型知識分子的人口比例是0.03%,到1917年達(dá)到0.12%,此后其數(shù)量不斷膨脹,致使傳統(tǒng)“士農(nóng)工商”的社會結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化。新型知識分子的職業(yè)分布日益多元化,其中教育領(lǐng)域人數(shù)最多,政界和軍界次之,工商界又次之,新聞、交通、團(tuán)體等領(lǐng)域人數(shù)最少。就地域分布而言,山東東部沿海及膠濟(jì)鐵路沿線城市和周圍地區(qū)人才較盛,魯西北次之,魯南、魯西南則分布稀疏。此外,山東新型知識分子多以城市為生活基地和活動空間,住在鄉(xiāng)村的比例很少,城鄉(xiāng)分布很不均勻。 近代山東新型知識分子具有強(qiáng)烈的政治參與意識,他們倡導(dǎo)和推動了山東的政治變革,在山東的憲政運(yùn)動、辛亥革命和新民主主義革命運(yùn)動中扮演了重要角色。同時,近代山東新型知識分子還具有濃烈的愛國情懷,他們發(fā)動和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了多次愛國運(yùn)動,并為維護(hù)山東的民主共和進(jìn)行著不屈斗爭。進(jìn)入山東政府的新型知識分子,則致力于社會的管理和建設(shè)工作,在自己的崗位上為山東社會的發(fā)展作出了很大貢獻(xiàn)。無論是從事體制外的革命活動,還是進(jìn)行直接的政治參與和建設(shè)活動,新型知識分子都極大地促進(jìn)了山東的政治轉(zhuǎn)型和社會進(jìn)步,加快了山東政治現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程。 山東新型知識分子是近代山東經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的生力軍。他們積極爭取收回利權(quán),促進(jìn)民族資本主義的發(fā)展。同時,他們還掀起“實業(yè)救國”的熱潮,并進(jìn)行直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)實踐,在推動山東經(jīng)濟(jì)近代化方面作出了很大貢獻(xiàn)。作為文化主體的知識分子還推動了山東新文化的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展,并有力地促進(jìn)了山東的社會風(fēng)俗變遷和思想解放。此外,新型知識分子還在山東的教育事業(yè)和新聞出版事業(yè)方面作出了突出貢獻(xiàn)。近代山東新型知識分子廣泛滲透到社會的各個領(lǐng)域,促進(jìn)了山東的社會轉(zhuǎn)型。 山東地區(qū)獨特的政治、歷史和文化背景,造就了山東新型知識分子的顯著特點。近代山東新型知識分子具有新的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和人生理念,他們之間形成了不同于傳統(tǒng)士人的新型人際關(guān)系。西學(xué)東漸,各種思潮學(xué)說蜂擁而入,使山東知識分子的信仰日益多元化。但與其他東南沿海省份相比,近代山東新型知識分子表現(xiàn)的較為保守持重。
[Abstract]:With the social transformation in modern Shandong and the educational reform in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, Shandong intellectuals quickened the pace of transition to modern times. Under the catalysis of the social crisis in modern Shandong, Shandong produced a large number of new intellectuals. The sources of the new intellectuals in modern Shandong include: the people with the traditional merit received the new-style education, the graduates of the new-style school, the overseas students, the students of the church school. They emerged in the late Qing Dynasty, developed in the early Republic of China, and flourished in the 1920s and 1930s, giving full play to their social value. The number of new intellectuals in modern Shandong is not fixed, the number of them changes with the development of education. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the proportion of new intellectuals in Shandong was 0.03 and reached 0.12 by 1917. Since then, the number of intellectuals has been expanding constantly, which has caused the social structure of the traditional "talents, farmers, industry and commerce" to change. The professional distribution of the new type of intellectuals is increasingly diversified, with the largest number of people in the field of education, followed by the political and military circles, the industrial and commercial circles, and the least number of people in the fields of news, transportation, groups, and so on. In terms of regional distribution, the cities and surrounding areas along the eastern coast of Shandong and along the Jiaoji Railway are abundant, followed by Northwest Shandong, South Shandong and Southwest Shandong. In addition, most of the new intellectuals in Shandong take the city as their living base and living space, and the proportion of them living in the countryside is very small, and the distribution of urban and rural areas is very uneven. The new-type intellectuals in modern Shandong had a strong sense of political participation. They advocated and promoted the political reform in Shandong and played an important role in the constitutional movement of Shandong the 1911 Revolution and the New Democratic Revolution Movement. At the same time, modern Shandong intellectuals also have strong patriotic feelings, they launched and led a number of patriotic movements, and to maintain the democratic republic in Shandong unyielding struggle. The new intellectuals who entered the Shandong government devoted themselves to the management and construction of the society and made great contributions to the development of Shandong society in their own posts. Whether engaged in revolutionary activities outside the system or in direct political participation and construction, the new intellectuals have greatly promoted the political transformation and social progress in Shandong, and accelerated the process of political modernization in Shandong. The new type of intellectuals in Shandong is the new force in the economic development of Shandong in modern times. They actively strive for the recovery of interest, to promote the development of national capitalism. At the same time, they also set off a "industry to save the nation" upsurge, and direct economic practice, in promoting the modernization of Shandong economy made a great contribution. The intellectuals as the main body of culture also promoted the emergence and development of new culture in Shandong, and promoted the social customs and ideological emancipation in Shandong. In addition, the new intellectuals also made outstanding contributions to education and press and publication in Shandong. Modern Shandong new-style intellectuals permeated all fields of society and promoted the social transformation in Shandong. The unique political, historical and cultural background of Shandong has created the remarkable characteristics of the new type of intellectuals in Shandong. The new intellectuals in modern Shandong have new knowledge structure and life concept, and they have formed a new interpersonal relationship different from the traditional intellectuals. Western learning gradually to the east, various ideological theories flocked in, making Shandong intellectuals more and more diverse beliefs. But compared with other southeast coastal provinces, modern Shandong-style intellectuals are more conservative.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K25;K295.2

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