上海外灘城區(qū)探究（1843-1937）
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-03 13:47
【摘要】： 外灘于1843年上海開埠后邁開了城市化的步伐,在經(jīng)過不到百年的變遷之后,其社區(qū)功能最終定位于銀行與公共空間。筆者在構(gòu)思文章時主要圍繞三個問題:近代上海租界的城市化如何從外灘起步的?外灘如何由早期的洋行集中地演變?yōu)?0世紀二、三十年代的“東方華爾街”?外灘浦江沿岸如何由一個嘈雜的碼頭區(qū)演變成近代上海最為重要的公共空間? 近代上海租界的城市化最早從外灘起步,其根本原因是外灘占據(jù)著上海獨一無二的地理位置,但這種地理上潛在的因素只有在具備了一定的條件后方能發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢。外灘位居黃浦江與蘇州河的交接處,無論從安全上、還是從貿(mào)易上,以及從與縣城的聯(lián)系上等諸方面考慮,其有利的位置都是上海其他地點所望塵莫及的。但直到1843年,黃浦灘還完全是一片荒涼地帶,只有少數(shù)的自然村落座落其中,李家廠及其周圍地區(qū)基本上還是軍事用地。開埠后西人于短時間內(nèi)將黃浦灘地皮租賃殆盡,并迅速建起了一排“南亞式”的洋行建筑,在不到十年的光景里,外灘發(fā)生了巨大變化。顯然政治上的強權(quán)因素在外灘城市化中起了關(guān)鍵作用。1853年小刀會起義使得租界原有的“華洋分居”格局被打破,移民的大批遷入為租界大規(guī)模的城市化準備了基礎(chǔ)條件,從而也使得外灘的城市化有了租界經(jīng)濟整體的發(fā)展作為支撐。 20世紀二、三十年代的外灘銀行林立,被譽為是“東方華爾街”,縱觀其形成的歷史過程,可以清晰地察覺到作用于其中的諸多必然性。開埠后很長一段時間里,外灘機構(gòu)都是以洋行為主,“商業(yè)大王”們在壟斷貿(mào)易的同時,也操縱了與貿(mào)易相聯(lián)系的諸多附屬業(yè)務(wù)包括金融業(yè)務(wù),這與早期商品貿(mào)易的形式、內(nèi)容及數(shù)量有很大關(guān)系,這就使得早期來上海的外資銀行遭到了洋行們的強力排擠。但隨著中國一系列通商口岸的開放及隨之而產(chǎn)生的貿(mào)易額的急劇上升,洋行感到已難以承擔起日漸復雜的金融業(yè)務(wù),他們需要專業(yè)銀行來對金融業(yè)務(wù)進行操作,匯豐銀行便應運而生。到19世紀末20世紀初,一方面,由于中外貿(mào)易的擴大對銀行業(yè)務(wù)的需求進一步加大,另一方面,由于進入帝國主義階段后,列強對華經(jīng)濟掠奪以設(shè)立銀行、強制貸款等資本輸出方式為主,于是眾多國際知名銀行來到中國,華俄道勝、花旗、東方匯理、橫濱正金等銀行就是在這一時段來到外灘駐扎的。1897年中國第一家華資銀行——中國通商銀行于外灘成立,雖然其成立的動機可能是受銀行利潤的刺激,或出于清末發(fā)展實業(yè)之需要的考慮,但在當時外資銀行完全壟斷中國金融業(yè)的背景下,其對外資銀行的抗爭意義是不言而喻的。 外灘是近代上海最重要的公共空間。其形成一方面與外灘經(jīng)濟功能的轉(zhuǎn)變有莫大關(guān)系,另一方面與租界的管理理念、生活方式等因素密不可分。由于開埠后外灘的經(jīng)濟功能以洋行貿(mào)易為主,很長一段時間里,外灘浦江岸邊排列著眾多的大小駁船碼頭,公共空間的環(huán)境因此受到很大影響,隨著經(jīng)濟功能向銀行金融的轉(zhuǎn)變,昔日的碼頭嘈雜聲與雜亂景象漸漸逝去,外灘環(huán)境大為好轉(zhuǎn)。租界的一些管理者如金能亨等對外灘公共空間的建設(shè)非常重視,工部局以公眾利益為最高準則的管理理念以及外僑對公共空間的需求等因素都促使了外灘公共空間的日臻完善。當然,外灘的殖民色彩極強,殖民性通過外灘公園、雕塑建筑以及上�？倳⑸尺d大廈等公共空間表達得非常露骨。
[Abstract]:After the opening of the Bund in 1843, Shanghai took the step of urbanization. After less than a century of changes, its community function was finally positioned in the bank and public space. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "East Wall Street"? How did the Bund Pujiang coast evolve from a noisy dock area into the most important public space in modern Shanghai?
The Bund occupied a unique geographical position in Shanghai, but this geographical potential factor can only play an advantage if it has certain conditions. The Bund is located at the junction of the Huangpu River and the Suzhou River, whether in terms of security, trade, and so on. But until 1843, Huangpu Beach was a completely desolate area, with only a few natural villages located in it. Lijiachang and its surrounding areas were basically military land. After the opening of the port, the Westerners took Huangpu Beach as a short time. In less than a decade, the Bund had undergone tremendous changes. Obviously, political power played a key role in the urbanization of the Bund. It has prepared the basic conditions for the large-scale urbanization of the concession, thus enabling the urbanization of the Bund to be supported by the overall development of the concession economy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the Bund Banks, known as "Eastern Wall Street", were crowded with banks. Throughout the historical process of its formation, we can clearly perceive the inevitability of its role. Many affiliated businesses, including financial services, were closely related to the form, content and quantity of the early commodity trade, which resulted in the strong exclusion of foreign banks from Shanghai. However, with the opening of a series of China's trading ports and the consequent sharp increase in the volume of trade, the foreign banks felt that they had already come to Shanghai. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, on the one hand, because of the expansion of foreign trade, the demand for banking business was further increased, on the other hand, because of the economic plunder of the powers against China after entering the stage of imperialism. In 1897, China's first Chinese-funded bank, China Commerce Bank, was established on the Bund, although its motive was to be established. Perhaps it was stimulated by the profits of the banks or the need to develop industry in the late Qing Dynasty. But under the background that foreign banks completely monopolized the Chinese financial industry, its resistance to foreign banks was self-evident.
The Bund is the most important public space in modern Shanghai. Its formation is closely related to the change of the Bund's economic function on the one hand, and to the concession's management concept and life style on the other hand. With the change of economic function to banking and finance, the noise and chaos of the former wharf gradually faded away, and the environment of the Bund was greatly improved. High standards of management and the need of foreigners for public space have contributed to the improvement of the Bund's public space.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K295
本文編號：2220146
[Abstract]:After the opening of the Bund in 1843, Shanghai took the step of urbanization. After less than a century of changes, its community function was finally positioned in the bank and public space. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "East Wall Street"? How did the Bund Pujiang coast evolve from a noisy dock area into the most important public space in modern Shanghai?
The Bund occupied a unique geographical position in Shanghai, but this geographical potential factor can only play an advantage if it has certain conditions. The Bund is located at the junction of the Huangpu River and the Suzhou River, whether in terms of security, trade, and so on. But until 1843, Huangpu Beach was a completely desolate area, with only a few natural villages located in it. Lijiachang and its surrounding areas were basically military land. After the opening of the port, the Westerners took Huangpu Beach as a short time. In less than a decade, the Bund had undergone tremendous changes. Obviously, political power played a key role in the urbanization of the Bund. It has prepared the basic conditions for the large-scale urbanization of the concession, thus enabling the urbanization of the Bund to be supported by the overall development of the concession economy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the Bund Banks, known as "Eastern Wall Street", were crowded with banks. Throughout the historical process of its formation, we can clearly perceive the inevitability of its role. Many affiliated businesses, including financial services, were closely related to the form, content and quantity of the early commodity trade, which resulted in the strong exclusion of foreign banks from Shanghai. However, with the opening of a series of China's trading ports and the consequent sharp increase in the volume of trade, the foreign banks felt that they had already come to Shanghai. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, on the one hand, because of the expansion of foreign trade, the demand for banking business was further increased, on the other hand, because of the economic plunder of the powers against China after entering the stage of imperialism. In 1897, China's first Chinese-funded bank, China Commerce Bank, was established on the Bund, although its motive was to be established. Perhaps it was stimulated by the profits of the banks or the need to develop industry in the late Qing Dynasty. But under the background that foreign banks completely monopolized the Chinese financial industry, its resistance to foreign banks was self-evident.
The Bund is the most important public space in modern Shanghai. Its formation is closely related to the change of the Bund's economic function on the one hand, and to the concession's management concept and life style on the other hand. With the change of economic function to banking and finance, the noise and chaos of the former wharf gradually faded away, and the environment of the Bund was greatly improved. High standards of management and the need of foreigners for public space have contributed to the improvement of the Bund's public space.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K295
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條
1 譚鑫強;城市高架橋主導空間解析[D];大連理工大學;2009年
，本文編號：2220146
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