本文關鍵詞：明清至近代土家族宗法制度初探　出處：《廣西師范大學》2000年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 土家族 宗法制度 宗祠 族產(chǎn) 族譜 族規(guī) 族權 父權 神權 繼承制度 祭祀習俗 喪葬習俗 婚育習俗 宗法封建關系

【摘要】： 宗法制度是在中國歷史上存在了幾千年，對社會的政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事、文化影響特別深遠的一種政治制度和社會制度。它是以父權、族權為特征的，包含有階級對抗內(nèi)容的家族宗族制度。長期以來，國內(nèi)外學者對宗法制度的研究方興未艾，但至今還沒有人研究過土家族的宗法制度，筆者在這方面的研究以求填補史學領域的此項空白。 土家族自古以來生息繁衍在湘、鄂、川、黔四省毗連的武陵山區(qū)，是一個典型的山地農(nóng)耕少數(shù)民族。史學界大多數(shù)學者都認為，土家族是以古代巴人為主體，逐漸融合其它族類而形成的。土家族的宗法制大約萌芽于父權家長制大家庭組織之中，原始宗法制在巴子國時期確立，在土司時期逐步崩潰而被封建宗法制所取代，同時，宗法封建關系也廣泛發(fā)展起來了。新中國成立后，土家族宗法制才土崩瓦解。 明清至近代，土家族宗法制度在其發(fā)展過程中受到漢族封建文化的強烈影響。土家族的宗法制由宗祠、族產(chǎn)、族譜、族規(guī)和族長等五個要素構(gòu)成。家——房——族是土家族宗法組織的基本模型；族產(chǎn)是一個家族的公共財產(chǎn)，是家族凝聚的物質(zhì)基礎，是維護宗法制存在的經(jīng)濟條件；宗祠是宗法制度的物化標志，是家族的象征和中心，是家族進行宗法活動的場所；族譜是記載和聯(lián)系宗族家族成員的譜牒，是鞏固家族的血緣紐帶，族長通常由選舉產(chǎn)生，享有主持祭祀、管理族產(chǎn)、調(diào)解糾紛和制定修改執(zhí)行族規(guī)等特權，族權成為奴役族眾的一大繩索；族規(guī)是維護宗法統(tǒng)治的根本大法，是家族成員在日常生活中必須遵守的基本準則。土家族的宗祠、族產(chǎn)、族譜、族規(guī)和族長存在著與漢族宗法制表現(xiàn)形態(tài)相一致的共性。 婚姻是人類繁衍后代、組建家庭、構(gòu)建家族的基礎。土家族婚姻習俗中亦存在著姑表優(yōu)先婚、收繼婚、搶(親)婚、早婚、聘娶婚等多種婚姻形式，這些婚俗都反映了族權、父權、夫權是締結(jié)婚姻的主宰，女子實質(zhì)上淪為了生兒育女、傳宗接代的工具。土家女子的哭嫁歌也充滿了宗法的內(nèi)容，是一部封建宗法社會的控訴書。 土家族的生育習俗浸染著祈求實現(xiàn)宗祧繼承的宗法思想。民間財產(chǎn)繼承實行兄弟析產(chǎn)的男系繼承制，女子沒有繼承權，族親姻親享有一定的繼承權。土家族的喪葬祭祀習俗是一部民族文化積淀厚重的歷史畫卷，在這部歷史畫卷之中，充滿了族權、父權、神權的烙印。 興而復衰的土家族土司制度中亦存在著宗法形態(tài)，這突出地表現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一是官族的地位繼承與財產(chǎn)繼承相結(jié)合，政權與族權相結(jié)合；二是宗法封建關系在土司制度中廣泛存在，土官對土民、士兵、家奴實行殘暴的政治統(tǒng)治、殘酷的經(jīng)濟壓榨、嚴厲的文化思想禁錮。 宗法制之所以能長期存在于土家族社會之中，其主要原因在于土家族社會的封閉性、農(nóng)耕性、自給性、靜止性和落后性。由于土家族社會形態(tài)演變的滯后性、山地文化圈的閉鎖性、封建王朝民族政策的特殊性和土家族社會長期的落后性，使得土家族宗法制存在形態(tài)，除了與其它民族有共性外，還具有自己鮮明的個性：原始婚態(tài)遺存較多，婦女地位相對重要；敬祭家祖、興建祠堂、趕修家譜之風，起步晚而發(fā)展快；神權統(tǒng)治較為嚴密。 鑒于目前中國史學界在宗法研究中仍存在分歧，本文從馬克思主義基本理論和具體史實出發(fā)， 對晁福林先生關于宗法起源和本質(zhì)的錯誤觀點予以辯駁。 總之，宗法制貫穿于土家族民間和土司官族兩大社會系統(tǒng)之中。研究土家族宗法制，揭示其存 在形態(tài)的一般規(guī)律，探索士家族宗法制長期存在的原因，，探求土家族宗法制的恃殊性及其成因．駁 正目前史學界關于宗法制起源和本質(zhì)的錯誤觀點，對于推動宗法制研究和民族史研究的展拓、深 入，批判地繼承民族傳統(tǒng)文化，促進民族文化的繁榮與發(fā)展，服務于當今社會主義物質(zhì)文明和精神 文明建設，都具有極為重要的現(xiàn)實意義。
[Abstract]:The patriarchal system is existed in Chinese history for thousands of years, the social politics, economy, military, culture and particularly profound influence of a political system and social system. It is characterized by patriarchy, clan authority, contains the class antagonism family clan system. For a long time, domestic and foreign scholars on the patriarchal system the just unfolding, but no one has studied the Tujia nationality's patriarchal clan system, the research in this area in order to fill the historical field of this gap.
Tujia since ancient times lived in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou Province, four adjacent mountains of Wuling, is a typical mountainous farming ethnic minorities. Most scholars historians believe that Tujia is the ancient Ba people as the main body, the gradual integration of other species formed. Tujia clan system originated from patriarchy about the patriarchal family organization, primitive clan system in Pakistan country establishment period, in the period of progressive collapse is chieftain Feng Jianzong legal replaced at the same time, the feudal patriarchal relationship is widely developed. After the founding of new Chinese, Tujia and the patriarchal clan system only fall apart.
Ming Dynasty, Tujia clan system is strongly influenced by the feudal culture of Han people in the process of its development. The Tujia clan system by production, genealogy, ancestral hall, composed of five elements. The patriarch clan rules and family - the real family is the basic model of Tujia clan organization; family is a family of public property property is the material foundation of family cohesion, is to maintain the existing patriarchal economy; the ancestral hall is the materialization of the patriarchal system and the center mark, is a symbol of family, is a family of patriarchal clan activities; genealogy records and family members of the clan genealogy, is to strengthen family ties of blood, usually by the chief election enjoy, presided over the sacrifice, production management, dispute mediation and amending laws and executive privilege, a large family clan become enslaved all the rope; rules is to maintain the fundamental law of patriarchal clan rule, are members of the family The basic principles to be observed in daily life. The Tujia ancestral hall, production, genealogy, clan rules and patriarch are consistent with Han patriarchal forms in common.
Marriage is the human reproduction, family, building the basis of family. There is also a Tujia marriage customs in stead of priority levirate marriage, rob (pro), marriage, marriage, betrothal marriage and other forms of marriage, the marriage reflects the patriarchal family, marriage, husband is the master of women substantially reduced to children, their tools. Tujia Wedding lament is full of patriarchal content, is a feudal patriarchal society of the indictment.
Tujia birth custom dip made successive patriarchal ideology. The brothers of the folk property inheritance in the male line of succession, no women's inheritance rights, their marriage has certain inheritance. The funeral ritual customs of the Tujia people is a national cultural heritage in history, in this historical picture. That is full of family, patriarchy, theocratic mark.
Xing and Tujia Tusi system decline in there is a patriarchal form, this displays prominently in two aspects: one is the official family status inheritance and property inheritance combined with the combination of clan regime; two is the patriarchal feudal relationship exists in the Tusi system, local officials of local people, soldiers and slaves the implementation of brutal political rule, brutal economic press, severe cultural ideological shackles.
The patriarchal clan system has been able to persist in the Tujia society, the main reason is that the closure of the Tujia society, farming, self-sufficiency, static and backward. The evolution of Tujia society lag, closed mountain cultural circle, the feudal dynasty national policy particularity and Tujia Society for a long time the backward, the Tujia clan system form, in common with other ethnic groups, but also has its own distinct personality: the original marriage state remains more, the status of women is relatively important; to sacrifice family ancestors, building the ancestral hall, catch the genealogy of the wind starts late but develops quickly; theocracy is strict.
In view of the current differences in the study of the patriarchal clan of Chinese historiography, this article starts with the basic theory of Marx's doctrine and the concrete historical facts.
The wrong view of Mr. Chao Fulin on the origin and nature of the patriarchal clan was refuted.
In a word, the patriarchal system runs through the two social systems of the Tujia folk and the Tujia official. The study of the Tujia clan system reveals its existence.
In the general form of law, and explore the reasons for the long-term existence of the patriarchal family, and explore the Tujia clan system relies on the special barge and its causes.
At present, the wrong views on the origin and nature of the legal system in the history circle are deep into the development of the research of the patriarchal legal system and the history of the nation.
Enter, critically inherit the traditional culture of the nation, promote the prosperity and development of the national culture, and serve the material civilization and spirit of today's Socialism
The construction of civilization is of great significance.

【學位授予單位】：廣西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2000
【分類號】：K287.3

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

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相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 馬琪;湘西土家族宗族倫理研究[D];湖南師范大學;2007年

本文編號：1420336