【摘要】：無(wú)論晚清還是民初，國(guó)民程度都是其時(shí)知識(shí)分子急切關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。知識(shí)分子總結(jié)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)失敗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，，一致得出結(jié)論：國(guó)民程度過(guò)低，即國(guó)人知識(shí)水平低下，缺乏國(guó)民意識(shí)，不具備近代化政治所需的基本素質(zhì)。國(guó)人的消極意識(shí)和行為是救國(guó)求強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)失敗的重要原因。中國(guó)需要具備行憲能力的國(guó)民。 立憲派主張實(shí)行君主立憲制而反對(duì)實(shí)行民主共和制，其理由之一是“國(guó)民程度不足”。革命派認(rèn)為民主共和制是人類政治文明的大勢(shì)所趨，革命可以解決國(guó)民程度不足的問(wèn)題，中國(guó)應(yīng)通過(guò)革命改封建君主制為民主共和制。為此，雙方在《新民叢報(bào)》和《民報(bào)》上展開(kāi)了大論戰(zhàn)。論戰(zhàn)似乎以民主共和論的勝利而告終，但是國(guó)民程度不足的問(wèn)題并沒(méi)能解決。民國(guó)共和制度被破壞后，對(duì)國(guó)民程度的重新檢討引發(fā)了“新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)”。反思當(dāng)時(shí)人們關(guān)于國(guó)民程度問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)可知，“惟重實(shí)用”的學(xué)術(shù)傳統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致中國(guó)近代學(xué)術(shù)滋長(zhǎng)了一種急功近利和以學(xué)術(shù)之外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量和剪裁學(xué)術(shù)的傾向。功利主義的學(xué)術(shù)導(dǎo)致功利主義的政治。對(duì)國(guó)民程度的不同認(rèn)識(shí)，影響了革命派和立憲派的政體選擇，進(jìn)而對(duì)清末政體改革產(chǎn)生了不可忽視的影響。
[Abstract]:Whether in the late Qing Dynasty or the early Republic of China, the national level was an urgent concern for intellectuals at that time. After summing up the experience of the failure of the political movement, the intellectuals come to the conclusion that the national level is too low, that is, the knowledge level of the people is low, the national consciousness is lacking, and the basic qualities needed for modern politics are not available. The negative consciousness and behavior of the people are the important reasons for the failure of the campaign to save the country and seek strength. China needs citizens with constitutional competence. Constitutionalism advocates constitutional monarchy and opposes democratic republic, one of the reasons is that the national level is not enough. The revolutionaries believe that the democratic republic system is the general trend of human political civilization, the revolution can solve the problem of insufficient national level, China should transform the feudal monarchy into the democratic republic system through revolution. To this end, the two sides in the Xinmin Cong newspaper and the people's newspaper launched a major debate. The debate seemed to end with a victory for democratic republicanism, but the lack of citizenship did not solve the problem. After the Republic of China was destroyed, the re-examination of the national level triggered the "New Culture Movement". Reflecting on people's understanding of the issue of national level at that time, we can see that the academic tradition of "only attaching importance to practicality" has led to a tendency of academic development in modern China. Utilitarian scholarship leads to utilitarian politics. The different understanding of the national level affected the regime choice of revolutionaries and constitutionalists, and then exerted an unnegligible influence on the political system reform in the late Qing Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D691;K257

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