華北農(nóng)村向東三省移民問(wèn)題（1897-1931）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-21 09:04
【摘要】：移民活動(dòng)是歷史合力造成的,即遷出地的推力和遷入地的拉力等綜合作用的結(jié)果。清末以降,華北地區(qū)人地矛盾非常突出,天災(zāi)人禍橫行。水、旱、蝗災(zāi)與過(guò)重的土地賦稅、高利貸、兵匪結(jié)合,如此失衡的社會(huì)統(tǒng)治秩序?qū)υ揪褪执嗳醯男∞r(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了致命的打擊。此一階段,華北地區(qū)的工商業(yè)不甚發(fā)達(dá),吸納不了大量的離村農(nóng)民,很多農(nóng)民在華北幾乎陷入絕境。而與華北在地緣上相鄰的東北地區(qū)雖在清末放墾就已展開(kāi),但土地遼闊的東北北部在民初尚有大量荒地亟待開(kāi)墾,同時(shí),東北地方當(dāng)局及日俄勢(shì)力借助于東北豐富的農(nóng)產(chǎn)和礦產(chǎn)資源大力促進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品商品化和工礦業(yè)的近代化。東北地方為了吸納大量的華北移民,也積極出臺(tái)各種優(yōu)惠措施。這些有利的因素對(duì)華北移民產(chǎn)生了極大的吸引力。 眾多華北農(nóng)村人口為生活所迫不得不去關(guān)外求生,20世紀(jì)20年代華北移民赴東北達(dá)到高峰,據(jù)何廉估算,1923年至1930年約有500余萬(wàn)人涌入東北。進(jìn)入東北的移民體現(xiàn)出了流向的相對(duì)集中性和近鄰優(yōu)先的特征,移民往往比較集中的遷入某個(gè)特定地區(qū),體力和財(cái)力有限的人就留在了東北南部。前期移民以青壯年為主,受東北種植業(yè)的季節(jié)性質(zhì)和華北強(qiáng)烈的家族觀念影響,很多移民在舊歷年前后返鄉(xiāng)省親團(tuán)聚、祭祀宗祖,使此段移民體現(xiàn)出了季節(jié)變動(dòng)的趨勢(shì)。隨著時(shí)間推移,移民由單獨(dú)移民向團(tuán)體移民轉(zhuǎn)變。 移民進(jìn)入東北面臨眾多障礙,東北土地大量被原統(tǒng)治階層和新興的北洋軍閥所瓜分,移民進(jìn)入東北受經(jīng)濟(jì)等因素的限制,不易取得地權(quán)。橫行的兵匪、高額的地租和高利貸都為華北移民在東北的生存和發(fā)展造成了威脅。 華北移民大量涌入東三省,到“九·一八事變”爆發(fā)之前的短短30年中,將地廣人稀的東北尤其是北部地區(qū)很快轉(zhuǎn)化為高度發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的商品化生產(chǎn)提供了原料,東北的大豆產(chǎn)業(yè)在此時(shí)期執(zhí)產(chǎn)業(yè)之牛耳,多余的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口到很多國(guó)家。大量移民的涌入也給東北工業(yè)帶來(lái)了可資利用的豐富勞動(dòng)力資源,借助一戰(zhàn)的有利契機(jī),東北的工業(yè)也迎來(lái)了短暫的春天。以山東人為主體的華北移民吃苦耐勞、團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)強(qiáng),不畏艱險(xiǎn),行走于動(dòng)蕩的東北地區(qū),在很多地區(qū)形成了“商幫”。 移民的到來(lái)促進(jìn)了東北經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,但人口的大量聚集不可避免的會(huì)產(chǎn)生各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題,無(wú)業(yè)移民往往為匪為盜,影響了東北社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定,移民性別比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào)引起的社會(huì)問(wèn)題也不可小覷。華北青壯年大量移入東北,往往使原住地的土地大量撂荒,影響了華北地區(qū)的糧食安全。
[Abstract]:The migration activity is caused by the historical resultant force, that is, the thrust of moving out and the pulling force of moving in. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the contradiction between people and land in North China was very prominent, and natural and man-made disasters were rampant. The combination of floods, droughts, locust plagues and excessive land taxes, usury, soldiers and bandits has dealt a fatal blow to the already fragile smallholder economy. At this stage, the industry and commerce in North China were not very developed, and many peasants in North China were almost in a desperate situation because they could not absorb a large number of peasants from villages. Although the Northeast, which is geographically adjacent to North China, began to be reclaimed in the late Qing Dynasty, there are still a large number of wasteland to be reclaimed in the vast northern part of the Northeast at the beginning of the Republic of China. At the same time, The northeast local authorities and the Japanese and Russian forces greatly promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and the modernization of industrial and mining industry with the help of the abundant agricultural and mineral resources in Northeast China. Northeast area in order to absorb a large number of North China immigrants, also actively introduced a variety of preferential measures. These favorable factors have produced great attraction to North China immigrants. Many rural people in North China had to go to Guanwai to survive. In the 1920s, North China emigrated to the northeast to reach its peak. According to he Lian's estimate, more than five million people poured into the Northeast from 1923 to 1930. The migration into the Northeast reflects the characteristics of relative centralization of the flow direction and the priority of the nearest neighbor. Immigrants often move into a specific area more concentrated, and the people with limited physical strength and financial resources stay in the south of the Northeast. The early immigrants were mainly young and middle-aged, influenced by the seasonal nature of the northeast planting industry and the strong family concept in North China. Many immigrants returned to the province before and after the old calendar years to be reunited with their relatives, offering sacrifices to the ancestors of Zong, which made this period of immigrants reflect the trend of seasonal change. Over time, immigrants have shifted from individual to group migrants. There are many obstacles for immigrants to enter Northeast China. The land in Northeast China is divided up by the former ruling class and the emerging Northern warlords. The immigration into the Northeast is restricted by economic factors, so it is difficult to obtain land rights. Rampant soldiers and bandits, high land rent and usury all posed a threat to the survival and development of North China immigrants in Northeast China. A large number of migrants from North China poured into the three eastern provinces, and in the short 30 years before the "September 18th incident" broke out, the vast and sparsely populated northeast, especially the northern region, was quickly transformed into a highly developed agricultural region. The development of agriculture provides raw materials for the commercialization of agricultural products. In this period, the soybean industry in Northeast China held the brunt of the industry, and the surplus agricultural products were exported to many countries. The influx of a large number of immigrants also brought abundant labor resources to northeast industry. With the help of the favorable opportunity of World War I, northeast industry also ushered in a short spring. The migrants of North China, with Shandong as the main body, bear hardships and stand hard work, have strong sense of unity, do not fear difficulties and dangers, walk in the turbulent northeast region, and form the "Shang Gang" in many areas. The arrival of immigrants promoted the development of the economy in Northeast China, but the mass accumulation of population inevitably led to various social problems. The unemployed immigrants were often bandits and thieves, which affected the stability of the Northeast society. The social problems caused by the serious imbalance of the immigrant sex ratio should not be underestimated. The large number of young and middle-aged people in North China moved into the northeast, which often led to the abandonment of the original land, which affected the food security in North China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K25
本文編號(hào)：2195229
[Abstract]:The migration activity is caused by the historical resultant force, that is, the thrust of moving out and the pulling force of moving in. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the contradiction between people and land in North China was very prominent, and natural and man-made disasters were rampant. The combination of floods, droughts, locust plagues and excessive land taxes, usury, soldiers and bandits has dealt a fatal blow to the already fragile smallholder economy. At this stage, the industry and commerce in North China were not very developed, and many peasants in North China were almost in a desperate situation because they could not absorb a large number of peasants from villages. Although the Northeast, which is geographically adjacent to North China, began to be reclaimed in the late Qing Dynasty, there are still a large number of wasteland to be reclaimed in the vast northern part of the Northeast at the beginning of the Republic of China. At the same time, The northeast local authorities and the Japanese and Russian forces greatly promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and the modernization of industrial and mining industry with the help of the abundant agricultural and mineral resources in Northeast China. Northeast area in order to absorb a large number of North China immigrants, also actively introduced a variety of preferential measures. These favorable factors have produced great attraction to North China immigrants. Many rural people in North China had to go to Guanwai to survive. In the 1920s, North China emigrated to the northeast to reach its peak. According to he Lian's estimate, more than five million people poured into the Northeast from 1923 to 1930. The migration into the Northeast reflects the characteristics of relative centralization of the flow direction and the priority of the nearest neighbor. Immigrants often move into a specific area more concentrated, and the people with limited physical strength and financial resources stay in the south of the Northeast. The early immigrants were mainly young and middle-aged, influenced by the seasonal nature of the northeast planting industry and the strong family concept in North China. Many immigrants returned to the province before and after the old calendar years to be reunited with their relatives, offering sacrifices to the ancestors of Zong, which made this period of immigrants reflect the trend of seasonal change. Over time, immigrants have shifted from individual to group migrants. There are many obstacles for immigrants to enter Northeast China. The land in Northeast China is divided up by the former ruling class and the emerging Northern warlords. The immigration into the Northeast is restricted by economic factors, so it is difficult to obtain land rights. Rampant soldiers and bandits, high land rent and usury all posed a threat to the survival and development of North China immigrants in Northeast China. A large number of migrants from North China poured into the three eastern provinces, and in the short 30 years before the "September 18th incident" broke out, the vast and sparsely populated northeast, especially the northern region, was quickly transformed into a highly developed agricultural region. The development of agriculture provides raw materials for the commercialization of agricultural products. In this period, the soybean industry in Northeast China held the brunt of the industry, and the surplus agricultural products were exported to many countries. The influx of a large number of immigrants also brought abundant labor resources to northeast industry. With the help of the favorable opportunity of World War I, northeast industry also ushered in a short spring. The migrants of North China, with Shandong as the main body, bear hardships and stand hard work, have strong sense of unity, do not fear difficulties and dangers, walk in the turbulent northeast region, and form the "Shang Gang" in many areas. The arrival of immigrants promoted the development of the economy in Northeast China, but the mass accumulation of population inevitably led to various social problems. The unemployed immigrants were often bandits and thieves, which affected the stability of the Northeast society. The social problems caused by the serious imbalance of the immigrant sex ratio should not be underestimated. The large number of young and middle-aged people in North China moved into the northeast, which often led to the abandonment of the original land, which affected the food security in North China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K25
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 任慶有;;論合力是社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的動(dòng)力[J];東北師大學(xué)報(bào);1986年01期
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 鄭偉;晚清以來(lái)關(guān)內(nèi)移民東北問(wèn)題研究[D];南京師范大學(xué);2006年
2 杜臻;近代山東移民對(duì)東北文化的影響（1860—1911）[D];山東大學(xué);2006年
3 孫慶國(guó);1897-1931年?yáng)|北移民[D];華中師范大學(xué);2008年
，本文編號(hào)：2195229
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/shekelunwen/zgjxds/2195229.html
教材專著
