晚清時期安慶教案研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-12 20:52
【摘要】：晚清時期,隨著外國勢力逐漸深入中國,引發(fā)出不少中外的矛盾與沖突。在諸多的矛盾與沖突之中,因西方傳教士在中國的傳教活動而引發(fā)的教案,為中外交往中矛盾的主要表現(xiàn)。安慶教案即是其中一例。安慶教案的發(fā)生由多種因素造成。其中,地方官對傳教活動的抵制是造成教案爆發(fā)的最主要原因。在安慶教案爆發(fā)之后,英法出于維護自身利益的需要,對如何處理教案問題,也持不同態(tài)度。法國企圖用傳教手段來擴大在華的影響力,因此特別注重保護傳教士在華的利益。英國則反對在教案問題上對清政府逼迫太甚,否則將會損害英國在華商業(yè)上的利益。清政府在教案發(fā)生后,往往只能運用羈縻的手段應(yīng)對。在執(zhí)行的過程之中,又經(jīng)常以故意拖延為策略,以繼續(xù)抵制傳教活動。這是教案頻繁發(fā)生并且規(guī)模越來越大的原因所在。論文主要分為三個部分進行論述。第一部分論述天主教傳教士在安徽的傳教活動、傳教策略以及地方官員的應(yīng)對。傳教活動在安徽的開展,主要得益于清代的傳教基礎(chǔ)以及法國對傳教活動的保護。傳教士對安慶的傳教活動在整個安徽看來并不占主要地位,安慶傳教據(jù)點的建立,一方面是作為安徽其他傳教地點的中轉(zhuǎn)站而存在,另一方面則是希望傳教活動能夠得到官府的認可。因此,其象征意義大于實際意義。地方官員出于維護保持地方秩序穩(wěn)定以及官府威權(quán)的需要,持續(xù)抵制傳教活動在安徽的開展。為此,地方官員對傳教活動作出種種限制,但最終都以失敗告終。而傳教士對傳教活動所持的強勢態(tài)度,最終導(dǎo)致對傳教士的驅(qū)逐事件,成為安慶教案的先聲。第二部分主要論述士紳反教的原因及其反教策略,官府在安慶教案當(dāng)中所處的地位以及作用。作為深受儒家文化熏陶的士紳,對傳教活動的反對大部分來自傳統(tǒng)儒家之中"夷夏"觀念,并因此而制造出種種謠言與揭帖。在安慶教案中,士紳特意挑選了考試之期作為反教的最佳時期。為盡量避免事件發(fā)生之后,列強對官府提出一些"無厭之求",地方官也作出了與傳教士溝通的嘗試。然而,在事件發(fā)生的過程中,地方官員的相互推卸拖延,是導(dǎo)致事件影響擴大的直接原因。在事件發(fā)生之后,地方官又聲稱民眾強烈反對傳教士再來,以期達到驅(qū)逐傳教士的目的。可見,地方官員抵制傳教活動的心態(tài)仍然沒有改變。第三部分主要論述的問題是,為妥善解決安慶教案,英法兩國態(tài)度的不同以及官府所采取的應(yīng)對措施。在安慶教案發(fā)生之后,英國的態(tài)度較為溫和而法國的態(tài)度較為強硬。其中,法國希望通過傳教活動加強對華的影響力,而英國為保障其對華貿(mào)易而采取保守態(tài)度。官府在安慶教案發(fā)生之后,迫于法國強大的軍事壓力,不得不先對法國作出羈縻的手段,以期探求法國公使的真正意圖。在實施羈縻政策的同時,清政府也從傳教士入手,對其剖陳利害,希望得到傳教士的理解。在此基礎(chǔ)上,地方政府盡力維護自身權(quán)益。最后,在對談判條件的執(zhí)行過程中,地方政府往往出于維護地方利益的角度而采取拖延策略,因傳教而引起的矛盾并未得到徹底解決。總的來看,圍繞傳教活動,官府、士紳、傳教士以及外國公使都從維護自身的利益出發(fā)作出了不同的策略選擇。其中,晚清政府自身的舊有機制并不能適應(yīng)新的時代變化,是教案始終難以消弭的重要原因。以鄉(xiāng)土社會中處理人際關(guān)系的手段去應(yīng)對近代化社會當(dāng)中的權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系,就難免顯得格格不入。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the gradual penetration of foreign forces into China, many contradictions and conflicts arose between China and foreign countries. Among these contradictions and conflicts, the missionary cases caused by Western missionaries'missionary activities in China were the main manifestations of the contradictions between China and foreign countries. After the outbreak of the Church Case in Anqing, Britain and France, in order to safeguard their own interests, held different attitudes towards how to deal with the issue of the Church Case. Britain objected to persecuting the Qing government too much on the issue of the missionary case, otherwise it would damage the commercial interests of Britain in China. The first part discusses the missionary activities of Catholic missionaries in Anhui, the strategies of missionary activities and the response of local officials. The establishment of Anqing missionary strongholds, on the one hand, as a transit station for other missionary sites in Anhui Province, and on the other hand, in the hope that the missionary activities will be recognized by the government. Therefore, its symbolic significance is greater than the actual significance. Local officials in order to maintain local order and stability. Local officials made various restrictions on missionary activities, but all ended in failure. The strong attitude of missionaries towards missionary activities eventually led to the expulsion of missionaries, which became the forerunner of the Anqing missionary case. As a gentleman deeply influenced by Confucian culture, his opposition to missionary activities came mostly from the traditional Confucian concept of "Yi Xia" and thus created a variety of rumors and revelations. As the best time for anti-religion, in order to avoid the occurrence of the incident, the powers put forward some "tireless demands" to the government, and the local officials also made attempts to communicate with the missionaries. However, in the course of the incident, the local officials'delays in passing on each other were the direct reasons for the expansion of the impact of the incident. Claiming that the people strongly opposed the missionaries'return in order to expel the missionaries, it can be seen that the attitude of local officials to resist missionary activities has not changed. The British attitude was milder and the French attitude was tougher. France hoped to strengthen its influence on China through missionary activities, while Britain adopted a conservative attitude to protect its trade with China. At the same time, the Qing government began to dissect the interests of the missionaries, hoping to get the understanding of the missionaries. On this basis, the local government tried to safeguard their own rights and interests. Finally, in the implementation of the negotiation conditions, the local government often took measures to safeguard local interests. Generally speaking, around the missionary activities, the government, gentry, missionaries and foreign ministers have made different strategic choices in order to safeguard their own interests. It is unavoidable that dealing with the power-responsibility relationship in modern society by means of dealing with interpersonal relationship in rural society is out of place.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K252
本文編號：2180333
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the gradual penetration of foreign forces into China, many contradictions and conflicts arose between China and foreign countries. Among these contradictions and conflicts, the missionary cases caused by Western missionaries'missionary activities in China were the main manifestations of the contradictions between China and foreign countries. After the outbreak of the Church Case in Anqing, Britain and France, in order to safeguard their own interests, held different attitudes towards how to deal with the issue of the Church Case. Britain objected to persecuting the Qing government too much on the issue of the missionary case, otherwise it would damage the commercial interests of Britain in China. The first part discusses the missionary activities of Catholic missionaries in Anhui, the strategies of missionary activities and the response of local officials. The establishment of Anqing missionary strongholds, on the one hand, as a transit station for other missionary sites in Anhui Province, and on the other hand, in the hope that the missionary activities will be recognized by the government. Therefore, its symbolic significance is greater than the actual significance. Local officials in order to maintain local order and stability. Local officials made various restrictions on missionary activities, but all ended in failure. The strong attitude of missionaries towards missionary activities eventually led to the expulsion of missionaries, which became the forerunner of the Anqing missionary case. As a gentleman deeply influenced by Confucian culture, his opposition to missionary activities came mostly from the traditional Confucian concept of "Yi Xia" and thus created a variety of rumors and revelations. As the best time for anti-religion, in order to avoid the occurrence of the incident, the powers put forward some "tireless demands" to the government, and the local officials also made attempts to communicate with the missionaries. However, in the course of the incident, the local officials'delays in passing on each other were the direct reasons for the expansion of the impact of the incident. Claiming that the people strongly opposed the missionaries'return in order to expel the missionaries, it can be seen that the attitude of local officials to resist missionary activities has not changed. The British attitude was milder and the French attitude was tougher. France hoped to strengthen its influence on China through missionary activities, while Britain adopted a conservative attitude to protect its trade with China. At the same time, the Qing government began to dissect the interests of the missionaries, hoping to get the understanding of the missionaries. On this basis, the local government tried to safeguard their own rights and interests. Finally, in the implementation of the negotiation conditions, the local government often took measures to safeguard local interests. Generally speaking, around the missionary activities, the government, gentry, missionaries and foreign ministers have made different strategic choices in order to safeguard their own interests. It is unavoidable that dealing with the power-responsibility relationship in modern society by means of dealing with interpersonal relationship in rural society is out of place.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K252
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