【摘要】：在北洋各大派系中,唯有奉系橫跨北洋和國民黨兩個時期。因此將以體制轉型為時代背景的張學良時期的奉系地方政權作為本文的研究對象,具有重要的學術意義。在本文中,筆者以大量檔案史料為基礎,進行實證,并輔以多學科的研究方法,力求從隱沒在故紙堆中的一個個歷史碎片中去探尋和還原前人所未曾發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些歷史面相。在東北易幟前后,企圖控制東北的主要有三股政治力量。除了實際控制東北的奉系外,還有試圖控制東北的國民黨及國民政府,和已經在東北擁有巨大權益的以日蘇兩國為代表的外國勢力。因此在易幟后的東北,實際形成了“國民黨、國民政府——奉系——日、蘇”這樣一個中央與地方、中國與外國的三方關系。在這個三方關系框架下,筆者主要討論了以下幾個問題：一是張學良時期奉系地方政權的運作機制及與東北地方政府的關系�；使猛褪录蠓钕到⒘艘粋�以張學良為核心的標榜“主權在民”、“三權分立”等原則,而實際上行“以軍代政”、“以軍管政”的東北保安政權。易幟后,東北政委會成立,奉系地方政權雖然經歷了體制轉型,但實際實行的仍是軍人專政。而且東北政委會對東北地方政府的控制仍沿用著張作霖時期既有的傳統(tǒng)手段,其統(tǒng)治基礎并沒有松動的跡象�？梢姺钕等耘f殘留著諸多舊軍閥的傳統(tǒng)與因子,而這種傳承的根深蒂固的特性又勢必將使國民黨的黨治體制難于順利地在東北建立起來。二是奉系地方政權與國民黨和國民政府的關系。易幟后的奉系與國民黨和國民政府在統(tǒng)一的前提下,維持著“分治合作”的格局。在行政上,即除了形式上的統(tǒng)一外,東北及中原大戰(zhàn)后成為奉系地盤的冀察平津等省市仍為奉系實際控制著。在黨務上,國奉雙方在黨權上進行了爭奪,使得國民黨在東北出現(xiàn)“官黨”和“秘黨”的雙重面相。與此同時,奉系也積極調整與國民黨及國民政府的關系,如盡量按照國民政府的法律法規(guī)對東北進行改革,以完成去北洋化。三是奉系地方政權的外交權問題及其對日蘇外交政策與影響。與東北內政問題始終交織著國民黨和日蘇等外國勢力兩方面因素一樣,東北外交問題也同樣存在國民黨、奉系、日蘇三方雙邊關系的矛盾交織。國民政府雖然在為統(tǒng)一外交權而努力,但奉系地方政權始終擁有實際外交權。由于受到國民政府的掣肘,以及在對日和對蘇外交問題上所面臨的情況不同,使得奉系在是否與何時使用實際外交權的問題上出現(xiàn)搖擺和失誤,導致對外關系處理不當,并最終導致奉系苦心經營多年的東北完全喪失,而奉系也開始走向末路。四是“政治分會——政務委員會”制度的形成、發(fā)展及其影響。政治分會制度和政務委員會制度均發(fā)端于國民黨北伐期間,而以東北易幟為契機,政治分會制度被賦予新的生命,與原政務委員會制度融合,形成新的政務委員會制度。至此,“政治分會——政務委員會”制度形成。在北洋時代向國民黨時代轉變過程中,在國民黨由革命黨向執(zhí)政黨轉變過程中,這一地方政治制度對于國民黨穩(wěn)定地方實力派,建立國民黨的正統(tǒng)地位,實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一和應付華北危局均起到了重要作用。通過本文的研究,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)面對時代轉變和體制轉型,面對國民黨、國民政府以及日蘇對東北的不同利益要求,奉系及其地方政權有著強烈的生存空間和政治空間的雙重訴求,并在這種要求與訴求的較量與博弈中,奉系及其地方政權不斷演變、蛻變,直至走向解體和消亡；而面對國家統(tǒng)一與整合的時代要求,國民黨則將政務委員會這一臨時性、過渡性的制度最終升格為正式性、常設性的制度,使得南京國民政府時期的中國始終維持著統(tǒng)一的局面。
[Abstract]:In the big Beiyang factions, only the Ministry of worship straddles the northern and the Kuomintang periods in two periods. Therefore, the local regime of the Zhang Xueliang period in the period of the transformation of the system as the background of the times is the research object of this article, which has important academic significance. In this article, the author takes a large number of archival historical materials as the basis, carries out an empirical study, and is supplemented by a multidisciplinary study. The method is to seek and restore some historical faces that have not been found in the historical fragments which are hidden in the old paper pile. In the northeast, there are three major political forces to control the northeast. Besides the actual control of the northeast, there are also the Kuomintang and the national government trying to control the northeast. The northeast of the northeast, which has great rights and interests, is represented by Japan and the Soviet Union. Therefore, in the northeast, the three party relations between the Kuomintang, the national government - the Ministry of worship - Japan, the Soviet Union, China and the foreign countries are actually formed. Under the frame of the three party relations, the author mainly discusses the following questions: 1 It was the operation mechanism of the local regime in the Zhang Xueliang period and the relationship with the northeastern local government. After the Huanggu Tuen incident, the Ministry of worship established a "sovereignty in the people" and "separation of the three powers" with Zhang Xueliang as the core. It will be established, although the local regime has experienced a system transformation, but it is still a military dictatorship, and the control of the northeastern government of the Northeast local government still follows the traditional means of the Zhang Zuolin period, and there are no signs of loosening of its ruling basis. The deep-rooted characteristics of this inheritance will make it difficult for the Kuomintang's party governance system to be successfully established in the northeast. Two is the relationship between the local government and the Kuomintang and the national government. In the form of unity, in the northeast and the Central Plains after the war, the provinces of Hebei and Tianjin, which became the site of the territory of the Ministry of worship, were still in practice. In the party affairs, the two sides scramble for the party power, making the Kuomintang appear the dual face of the "official party" and the "secret party" in the northeast. Meanwhile, the Ministry also actively adjusted the Kuomintang and the Kuomintang and the nationals. The relationship of the government, such as the reform of the Northeast in accordance with the laws and regulations of the national government as far as possible, is to complete the north-east. Three is the issue of the diplomatic power of the local regime and its diplomatic policy and influence on Japan and the Soviet Union. As well as the two factors of the Kuomintang and Japan and the Soviet Union, the problem of northeast diplomacy is the same as that of the Northeast internal affairs. The Kuomintang, the Department of the Kuomintang, the bilateral relations between the Japanese and the Soviet Union are intertwined. Although the national government is trying to unify the diplomatic power, the government has always had the actual diplomatic power. Because of the constraints of the national government and the differences in the diplomatic problems between Japan and the Soviet Union, the government has made the use of the system in and when to use it. The problem of international diplomatic power was swinging and misleading, which led to the improper handling of foreign relations, and eventually led to the complete loss of the northeastern part of the northeastern part of the Department. And the Department began to go to the end. Four was the formation, development and the impact of the "Political Committee - government committee" system. The political branch system and the government committee system were all issued. During the northern expedition of the Kuomintang, the political branch system was given a new life and a new government committee system was conformed with the original government committee system. At this point, the "Political Committee - government committee" system was formed. In the course of the transition from the northern ocean to the people's party, the Kuomintang was from the revolutionary party to the party. In the course of the transformation of the ruling party, the local political system has played an important role in the Kuomintang's stabilization of the local power, the establishment of the orthodox position of the Kuomintang, the realization of the unification of the critical situation in North China and the transition of the times and the transformation of the system to the Kuomintang, the national government and the Japanese and the Soviet Union to the northeast. With the demands of the same interests, the Department and its local regime have a strong dual demand for living space and political space, and in the competition and game of this demand and demand, the Department and its local regime constantly evolve and change, and become disintegrated and disappearing. And the Kuomintang will take the government committee in the face of the time requirements of national unity and integration. This transitional system has finally been upgraded to a formal nature, and the system of standing has made the Chinese government maintain a unified situation in the period of the Nanjing national government.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K263
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本文編號：2136266