南京國民政府社會救濟制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-20 20:04
【摘要】：自古以來，社會階層中的弱勢群體因種種原因陷入生活危機，需要政府、社會及民間救助才能擺脫生活的困境。作為近代社會保障制度中的最次層次的保障——社會救濟是發(fā)生最早的社會保障范疇，而近代社會保障制度的誕生則是隨著近代工業(yè)社會的逐步推進，以近代社會保險制度在德國的出現為標志。在此之前，作為一種仍不成熟的制度安排，社會保障僅限于社會救濟制度的積累。所謂社會救濟制度是指國家和社會對無勞動能力的人或因自然災害以及其他經濟、社會原因導致無法維持最低生活水平的社會成員給予救助，以保障其最低生活水平的一項社會保障制度。西方社會立足于慈悲為懷的宗教慈善事業(yè)與《濟貧法》頒布后政府介入的濟貧事業(yè)，歷史相當悠久。而在中國，以互助、他助等為基本特征的原始社會救濟活動，存在了3000年之久，家庭成員之間的互助及宗族組織內的守望相助成為傳統社會中人的生存方式。在從晚清到民國的社會大變革中，攜帶更多現代社會保障制度特征的社會救濟制度從一種非正式制度安排轉變?yōu)橐环N正式制度安排，其功能逐漸擴充，不僅為統治者服務，而且救濟制度具有了促進社會公平、緩解社會風險、促進和諧穩(wěn)定的作用。 社會救濟制度有廣義、狹義之分，廣義的社會救濟包括國家或政府的救濟和社會主體的救濟，前者是基于法定的權利義務關系而進行的救濟，后者是基于道德上的權利義務關系而進行的救濟，而狹義的社會救濟僅指國家或政府提供的救助。本文選取的是后一種社會救濟的定義，描述南京國民政府時期社會救濟制度的形態(tài)和樣貌。南京國民政府成立后，科層化的行政管理體系以及立法的深入推進，使得社會救濟的制度化水平達到前所未有的水平，從制度設計、安排、實施、成效等內容來看，政府的社會救濟更具意蘊，內容博大，成為吸引學者們廣泛研究的緣由。 1928年，南京國民政府成立后，形成了專門的社會救濟行政組織系統，抗戰(zhàn)期間，政府為了適應社會救濟的制度化要求，又公布了專門的《社會救濟法》，每個重要社會救濟項目大多都有相關法律法規(guī)的約束和指導，形成政府負責、社會倡導協助、民眾參與的社會救濟格局。 南京國民政府的社會救濟制度包括了災害救濟制度、難民救濟制度、失業(yè)救濟制度、兒童救濟制度等內容，在不斷摸索經驗教訓的基礎上，南京國民政府將社會救濟制度逐漸推進到更高一級的社會保障制度——社會保險及社會福利制度。 我國也在逐步完善現代社會保障制度，尤其是在社會轉型時期，現代社會保險制度在中國還在鋪展階段，城市最低保障制度全面建立，但應該說，從社會救助制度方面看，保障立法還相當滯后，現代社會保障制度的責任主體為政府，那么如何發(fā)揮政府的社會控制機能，使最低層次的保障制度發(fā)揮其最大的功效和作用，建設公平的、合理的、高效的保障制度是我們必須深入思考的問題。同時這個制度雖然源于西方，但制度本身要符合中國的實際情況，中國人對于家庭保障的相當依賴，中國獨有的互助傳統，社會保障的歷史發(fā)展等情況都是我們今天在建立完善此制度的同時應該研究與深思的。 本文在整理大量檔案、文獻匯編及文史資料、報刊的基礎上，運用多學科分析方法對南京國民政府時期的社會救濟制度作一綜合論述，本文分作六章： 第一章主要分析南京國民政府時期的弱勢群體及社會救濟對象構成，作者通過對造成社會成員生活危機諸種因素的分析將社會救濟對象劃分為災民、難民、失業(yè)者、老幼病殘等。 第二章為社會救濟制度組織研究。本章對南京國民政府時期社會救濟各類組織，包括行政組織、專項組織、救濟設施作一總結，從而分析社會救濟制度的組織體制。作者認為，社會救濟制度運行方式為集權式，而社會救濟組織存在著首長制和委員會制混合的體制。 第三章為社會救濟制度法律法規(guī)研究。主要論述社會救濟法律制度的三大層次：根本法、專門法、專項法規(guī)。同時以大量列表形式分析了南京國民政府時期社會救濟司法狀況。由此作者認為：南京國民政府時期社會救濟立法相對完備，而社會救濟司法也較其他領域司法狀況稍好一些。 第四章為社會救濟經費研究。作者分析了南京國民政府時期社會救濟的備災經費、賑濟經費、救濟設施經費的籌措、使用、發(fā)放等情況，，綜合大量史料以展現社會救濟經費概況及經費籌措使用問題。第五章為社會救濟制度實施研究。通過對社會救濟制度的程序、措施與方法、救濟設施之“教養(yǎng)”分析，作者力圖展現社會救濟制度實施的立體概貌，并分析社會救濟制度實施中存在的諸多問題。 第六章為社會救濟管理。本章對社會救濟監(jiān)管內容、人才管理實踐及社會救濟人員的失職與腐敗進行分析。通過分析，作者認為，社會救濟制度實施的諸多問題是由南京國民政府政治經濟體制的腐敗落后與人員素質低下造成的。 由此，作者得出結論，南京國民政府制度設計的初衷不僅在于救濟弱勢群體、實現人類守望相助的要義，而且社會救濟制度是為實現政府保障人類生存權的重要責任，但救濟制度運行的諸多問題卻與政府之主旨背道而馳，恰恰削弱了政府執(zhí)政的合法性基礎。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, the disadvantaged groups in the social stratum have been in a life crisis because of various reasons. They need the government, social and folk assistance to get rid of the plight of life. As the most important guarantee in the modern social security system, social relief is the earliest social security domain, and the birth of modern social security system is along with the social security system. The gradual advance of modern industrial society was marked by the emergence of modern social insurance system in Germany. Before this, social security was limited to the accumulation of social relief system as a kind of still immature system arrangement. The so-called social relief system refers to the state and Society for people with no labor capacity or because of natural disasters and other economies, Social reasons lead to a social security system that can not maintain the minimum living standard of social members in order to guarantee the minimum living standard. The history of the western society, based on the religious philanthropy and the poverty law, has a long history. The characteristics of the original social relief activities have existed for 3000 years. The mutual assistance between family members and the support of the patriarchal clan organization have become the way of living in the traditional society. In the social change from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the social relief system with the characteristics of more modern social security system has changed from an informal institution arrangement. For a formal system, its functions are gradually expanded and not only serve the rulers, but the relief system has the role of promoting social equity, alleviating social risks and promoting harmony and stability.
The social relief system has a broad sense, a narrow sense, and a broad sense of social relief, including the relief and social remedies of the state or government, the former is based on the legal rights and obligations, and the latter is based on the moral rights and obligations, and the narrow sense of social relief only refers to the rescue of the state or government. This article selects the definition of the latter social relief, describes the form and appearance of the social relief system in the period of the Nanjing national government. After the establishment of the national government of Nanjing, the administrative system of bureaucracy and the deepening of legislation have made the level of the social relief institutionalized to an unprecedented level, from the design, arrangement and implementation of the system. In terms of effectiveness and so on, the government's social relief is more meaningful, and its content is extensive, which has attracted scholars' extensive research.
In 1928, after the establishment of the Nanjing national government, a special social relief administrative organization system was formed. During the war of resistance against Japan, the government announced a special "social relief law" in order to meet the requirements of the institutionalization of social relief. Most of the important social relief projects have the constraints and guidance of relevant laws and regulations, which form the responsibility of the government and the social advocacy Association. Help, the social relief pattern of the public participation.
The social relief system of the Nanjing national government includes the disaster relief system, the refugee relief system, the unemployment relief system, the child relief system and so on. On the basis of the continuous exploration of the experience and lessons, the Nanjing national government has gradually advanced the social relief system to the higher level social security system, the social insurance and the social welfare system.
Our country is also gradually perfecting the modern social security system, especially in the period of social transformation. The modern social insurance system is still spreading in China, and the system of urban minimum security is fully established. But it should be said that the legislation of the guarantee system is still lagging behind in the view of social assistance system. How to give full play to the government's social control function so as to make the lowest level of the security system play its greatest effect and function, to build a fair, reasonable and efficient guarantee system is a problem we must think deeply about. Very dependent, China's unique mutual aid tradition, the historical development of social security, and so on, we should study and ponder at the same time in establishing and perfecting the system today.
This paper makes a comprehensive discussion on the social relief system in the period of the national government of Nanjing on the basis of a large number of archives, literature compilation, literature and history data and newspapers and periodicals. This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter mainly analyzes the disadvantaged groups and social relief objects in the period of the Nanjing national government. The author divides the social relief objects into the victims, the refugees, the unemployed, the disabled and the disabled through the analysis of the factors that cause the life crisis of the members of the society.
The second chapter is the study of social relief system. This chapter summarizes the social relief organizations in the period of Nanjing national government, including administrative organizations, special organizations and relief facilities, so as to analyze the organizational system of social relief system. The author believes that the operation of social relief system is centralized, and the social relief organization has the system of the first system. A system of mixing with the committee system.
The third chapter is the study of social relief system laws and regulations. It mainly discusses the three levels of social relief legal system: the root law, special law, special laws and regulations. At the same time, it analyses the social relief and judicial situation in the period of Nanjing national government in a large number of forms. Thus the author thinks that the social relief legislation in the period of the national government of Nanjing is relatively complete, And social relief justice is slightly better than other areas.
The fourth chapter is the study of social relief funds. The author analyses the funds for the preparedness of social relief, relief funds, the financing of relief facilities, the use and distribution of relief facilities during the period of the national government of Nanjing. A large number of historical materials are integrated to show the general situation of social relief funds and the question of the use of funds. The fifth chapter is a study of the social relief system. The procedure, the measures and methods of the social relief system, the analysis of the "rearing" of the relief facilities, the author tries to show the stereoscopic outline of the implementation of the social relief system, and analyses the problems in the implementation of the social relief system.
The sixth chapter is the social relief management. This chapter analyzes the content of social relief supervision, the practice of talent management and the loss of the social relief personnel and corruption. Through the analysis, the author thinks that many problems of the social relief system are caused by the corruption of the political and economic system of the Nanjing national government and the low quality of the personnel.
Therefore, the author draws the conclusion that the original intention of the design of the system of Nanjing national government is not only to relieve the disadvantaged group, to realize the important meaning of the human being, but also to realize the important responsibility of the government to guarantee the right to survive the human existence, but many problems of the relief system run counter to the government's main purpose and weaken the politics exactly. The legitimacy foundation of the government.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D632.9;K262.9
本文編號：2134621
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, the disadvantaged groups in the social stratum have been in a life crisis because of various reasons. They need the government, social and folk assistance to get rid of the plight of life. As the most important guarantee in the modern social security system, social relief is the earliest social security domain, and the birth of modern social security system is along with the social security system. The gradual advance of modern industrial society was marked by the emergence of modern social insurance system in Germany. Before this, social security was limited to the accumulation of social relief system as a kind of still immature system arrangement. The so-called social relief system refers to the state and Society for people with no labor capacity or because of natural disasters and other economies, Social reasons lead to a social security system that can not maintain the minimum living standard of social members in order to guarantee the minimum living standard. The history of the western society, based on the religious philanthropy and the poverty law, has a long history. The characteristics of the original social relief activities have existed for 3000 years. The mutual assistance between family members and the support of the patriarchal clan organization have become the way of living in the traditional society. In the social change from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the social relief system with the characteristics of more modern social security system has changed from an informal institution arrangement. For a formal system, its functions are gradually expanded and not only serve the rulers, but the relief system has the role of promoting social equity, alleviating social risks and promoting harmony and stability.
The social relief system has a broad sense, a narrow sense, and a broad sense of social relief, including the relief and social remedies of the state or government, the former is based on the legal rights and obligations, and the latter is based on the moral rights and obligations, and the narrow sense of social relief only refers to the rescue of the state or government. This article selects the definition of the latter social relief, describes the form and appearance of the social relief system in the period of the Nanjing national government. After the establishment of the national government of Nanjing, the administrative system of bureaucracy and the deepening of legislation have made the level of the social relief institutionalized to an unprecedented level, from the design, arrangement and implementation of the system. In terms of effectiveness and so on, the government's social relief is more meaningful, and its content is extensive, which has attracted scholars' extensive research.
In 1928, after the establishment of the Nanjing national government, a special social relief administrative organization system was formed. During the war of resistance against Japan, the government announced a special "social relief law" in order to meet the requirements of the institutionalization of social relief. Most of the important social relief projects have the constraints and guidance of relevant laws and regulations, which form the responsibility of the government and the social advocacy Association. Help, the social relief pattern of the public participation.
The social relief system of the Nanjing national government includes the disaster relief system, the refugee relief system, the unemployment relief system, the child relief system and so on. On the basis of the continuous exploration of the experience and lessons, the Nanjing national government has gradually advanced the social relief system to the higher level social security system, the social insurance and the social welfare system.
Our country is also gradually perfecting the modern social security system, especially in the period of social transformation. The modern social insurance system is still spreading in China, and the system of urban minimum security is fully established. But it should be said that the legislation of the guarantee system is still lagging behind in the view of social assistance system. How to give full play to the government's social control function so as to make the lowest level of the security system play its greatest effect and function, to build a fair, reasonable and efficient guarantee system is a problem we must think deeply about. Very dependent, China's unique mutual aid tradition, the historical development of social security, and so on, we should study and ponder at the same time in establishing and perfecting the system today.
This paper makes a comprehensive discussion on the social relief system in the period of the national government of Nanjing on the basis of a large number of archives, literature compilation, literature and history data and newspapers and periodicals. This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter mainly analyzes the disadvantaged groups and social relief objects in the period of the Nanjing national government. The author divides the social relief objects into the victims, the refugees, the unemployed, the disabled and the disabled through the analysis of the factors that cause the life crisis of the members of the society.
The second chapter is the study of social relief system. This chapter summarizes the social relief organizations in the period of Nanjing national government, including administrative organizations, special organizations and relief facilities, so as to analyze the organizational system of social relief system. The author believes that the operation of social relief system is centralized, and the social relief organization has the system of the first system. A system of mixing with the committee system.
The third chapter is the study of social relief system laws and regulations. It mainly discusses the three levels of social relief legal system: the root law, special law, special laws and regulations. At the same time, it analyses the social relief and judicial situation in the period of Nanjing national government in a large number of forms. Thus the author thinks that the social relief legislation in the period of the national government of Nanjing is relatively complete, And social relief justice is slightly better than other areas.
The fourth chapter is the study of social relief funds. The author analyses the funds for the preparedness of social relief, relief funds, the financing of relief facilities, the use and distribution of relief facilities during the period of the national government of Nanjing. A large number of historical materials are integrated to show the general situation of social relief funds and the question of the use of funds. The fifth chapter is a study of the social relief system. The procedure, the measures and methods of the social relief system, the analysis of the "rearing" of the relief facilities, the author tries to show the stereoscopic outline of the implementation of the social relief system, and analyses the problems in the implementation of the social relief system.
The sixth chapter is the social relief management. This chapter analyzes the content of social relief supervision, the practice of talent management and the loss of the social relief personnel and corruption. Through the analysis, the author thinks that many problems of the social relief system are caused by the corruption of the political and economic system of the Nanjing national government and the low quality of the personnel.
Therefore, the author draws the conclusion that the original intention of the design of the system of Nanjing national government is not only to relieve the disadvantaged group, to realize the important meaning of the human being, but also to realize the important responsibility of the government to guarantee the right to survive the human existence, but many problems of the relief system run counter to the government's main purpose and weaken the politics exactly. The legitimacy foundation of the government.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D632.9;K262.9
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