發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-24 06:56

  本文選題：清末新政 + 河南省　； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：二十世紀(jì)初的清末新政,是清政府在內(nèi)外交困的局勢中為挽救其自身危亡而主導(dǎo)的一場涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、教育等各方面的改革運(yùn)動。在這場自上而下的改革中,練兵籌餉直接關(guān)系著王朝軍事力量的發(fā)展,以及對內(nèi)統(tǒng)治權(quán)威的強(qiáng)化和對外話語權(quán)的獲得。因此,清政府將軍事改革置于十分重要的地位,并投入了大量的人力物力財(cái)力,有效地推動了軍事近代化的進(jìn)程。但是,新政時(shí)期各項(xiàng)改革措施的根本目的是維護(hù)清王朝的封建統(tǒng)治。不管是中央的主政者,還是各省的將軍督撫,他們的計(jì)劃和實(shí)踐不可能完全擺脫舊制度及舊觀念的影響。因此,軍事改革亦存在著明顯的不足之處,一定程度上制約了軍事近代化的速度與水平。新政開始之后,朝廷陸續(xù)頒布了多道軍事改革諭旨,河南省遂即應(yīng)詔開展新軍的編練建設(shè)及舊軍的裁減改造工作。在清政府的重視和督飭下,在豫撫的籌劃和實(shí)施下,河南新軍在3年多的時(shí)間里便達(dá)到一混成協(xié)的規(guī)模。與此同時(shí),新軍的武器裝備及軍事教育均獲得了長足的發(fā)展,戰(zhàn)斗力亦大幅度提升。另外,河南綠營兵丁悉數(shù)被裁,僅剩余了少量的官弁及其護(hù)兵。駐防八旗之精壯被挑選出來另行編組訓(xùn)練,旗人子弟也獲得了更多接受教育的機(jī)會。除了經(jīng)制兵的裁撤和整頓,防軍練軍被歸并為巡防隊(duì),留存的綠營及各地民壯被改編為巡警。如此一來,作為國防力量的新軍與作為地方治安力量的舊軍共同進(jìn)步,既體現(xiàn)了社會轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的軍事狀況,又促進(jìn)了軍事近代化的發(fā)展。然而,河南新軍的營制中摻雜著舊日規(guī)章,且新軍的擴(kuò)充在光緒三十二年(1906年)后基本上趨于停滯,終未實(shí)現(xiàn)清政府規(guī)定的一鎮(zhèn)之目標(biāo)。此外,河南新軍從編練之初就被納入北洋系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)密控制之下,成為袁世凱鎮(zhèn)壓辛亥革命的工具。而河南舊軍本就積弊已深,八旗、巡防隊(duì)、巡警的新操訓(xùn)練及人才培養(yǎng)在廣度與深度上也都十分有限。加上沒有相應(yīng)的制度及餉力與之配合,其效果難免大打折扣�？傊�,清末新政時(shí)期河南省的軍事近代化既是全國范圍內(nèi)軍事近代化進(jìn)程的重要組成部分,也可看作晚清最后10年國家以軍事改革謀求自強(qiáng)的縮影,其復(fù)雜而曲折的前進(jìn)道路以及成就與不足并存的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況為當(dāng)今中國的軍事改革留下了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)。
[Abstract]:The New deal of the late Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century was a reform movement in politics, economy, military affairs, education and so on, which was dominated by the Qing government in the difficult situation of internal and foreign affairs to save its own crisis. In this top-down reform, training directly related to the development of the dynasty's military power, as well as the strengthening of the authority of internal rule and the acquisition of the right of foreign discourse. Therefore, the Qing government put the military reform in a very important position, and invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, effectively promoted the process of military modernization. However, the fundamental purpose of the reform measures during the New deal period was to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Whether they are the central rulers or the provincial generals, their plans and practices cannot be completely free from the influence of the old system and old ideas. Therefore, there are obvious deficiencies in military reform, which restricts the speed and level of military modernization to some extent. After the beginning of the New deal, the imperial court promulgated many military reform decrees one after another, and Henan Province then began the new army training construction and the reduction and transformation of the old army. With the attention and supervision of the Qing government and the planning and implementation of Yu Fu, Henan New Army reached a mixed scale in more than three years. At the same time, the arms, equipment and military education of the Forces nouvelles have developed rapidly and their combat effectiveness has been greatly improved. In addition, Henan Green Ying Ding was cut, only a small number of officers and their guards. The eight banners were chosen to be organized and trained separately, and the children were given more opportunities to receive education. In addition to the abolition and consolidation of the army, the army was merged into a patrol, and the remaining Green Battalion and the local people and Zhuang were reorganized as patrolmen. Thus, the common progress of the new army as a national defense force and the old army as a local security force not only reflected the military situation in the period of social transformation, but also promoted the development of military modernization. However, the battalion system of Henan New Army was mixed with old regulations, and the expansion of the New Army was basically stagnant after Guang Xu 32 (1906), and the goal of a town as stipulated by the Qing government was not realized. In addition, the Henan New Army was brought under the strict control of the Beiyang system from the beginning of its compilation and training, and became the tool of Yuan Shikai to suppress the 1911 Revolution. However, the old military budget of Henan has already had deep disadvantages, and the new training and personnel training of the eight banners, patrol defense teams and patrol policemen are also very limited in scope and depth. Coupled with the absence of a corresponding system and pay with it, its effect will inevitably be greatly compromised. In short, the military modernization of Henan Province during the New deal period of the late Qing Dynasty is not only an important part of the process of military modernization in the whole country, but also a microcosm of the military reform in the last 10 years of the late Qing Dynasty. Its complicated and tortuous way of progress and the reality of the coexistence of achievements and deficiencies have left rich experience and lessons for China's military reform today.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K252

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本文編號：2060489