本文選題：額爾金 + 中國形象��； 參考：《南京大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：第八任額爾金伯爵詹姆斯·布魯斯是在第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭期間中英交往的關鍵人物之一,他因下令英法聯(lián)軍火燒圓明園而使中國人記憶深刻。他于1857—一1861年間兩次出使中國,從沿海通商口岸到長江內(nèi)陸都留下了他的足跡,接觸到了中國社會的各階層,從王公大臣到底層民眾；1858年7月他到達日本并代表英國政府與其簽訂了通商條約；回到英國后又調(diào)任印度總督,最后在印度死于心臟病。本文圍繞額爾金來華歷史事件展開討論,通過對日記、游記等文本進行分析,探討他眼中的中國形象,并且嘗試對同時代中國人眼中的英國形象進行考察,試圖揭示出中英互視下異國形象差別的深層文化內(nèi)涵。他在東方的特殊經(jīng)歷所塑造的印度與日本形象則為他眼中的中國形象提供了一個參照。 本文第一章立足于第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭這一歷史事實,介紹額爾金伯爵生平、來華原因以及他的兩次中國之行。亞羅號事件爆發(fā)后,巴麥尊政府任命額爾金為政府特使來到中國,在他的領導下,英法聯(lián)軍武力進入廣州城,并北上打到天津,1858年他代表英國政府同清政府簽訂了《天津條約》后回國。不過1859英法聯(lián)軍在大沽口與清軍再次發(fā)生的激戰(zhàn)又將額爾金拉回了中國�；氐街袊念~爾金帶領聯(lián)軍直逼北京,逼得咸豐帝逃出京城。額爾金以“報復清政府虐待人質(zhì)”為由火燒圓明園,最終第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以《北京條約》的簽訂畫上句號。 第二章介紹了額爾金眼中具體的中國形象,從他對中國普通民眾、官員及整個國家民族特性等諸多看法中試圖挖掘這種形象生成與塑造的緣由。他眼中的民眾生存環(huán)境惡劣,愚昧迷信而缺乏愛國精神；他眼中的官員冷漠蠢笨而又狡詐多疑；他眼中的中國整體形象也是暗淡無光的。額爾金眼中的這種中國形象形成原因是多方面的。首先,額爾金并非一個野心勃勃、好斗的人,相反,在他身上還存在著一股博愛情懷；其次,額爾金對中國的看法受到了來自同僚下屬如包令、巴夏禮、西摩爾等人和國內(nèi)輿論的壓力；第三,則是他自己對在華斗爭經(jīng)驗的總結(jié),當他發(fā)現(xiàn)改變自己的思路,以武力和恫嚇的方式來對待同中國的關系可以獲得意想不到的效果后,便在此道路上一去不返,一直抱著對華強硬的處事信條。 第三章將目光轉(zhuǎn)向額爾金所活動過的另外兩個東方國家——印度和日本,考察他眼中的日本與印度的形象,以此為參照來分析額爾金眼中中國形象生成背后的文化內(nèi)涵。額爾金于1862年3月始任印度總督,直到1863年11月死于任上。他上任以后繼承和改進許多坎寧時期緩和社會矛盾的措施,積極恢復自1857年兵變所破壞的社會秩序。但是受前人影響,他也是視印度為低等孱弱的民族,印度文化也是弱于英國現(xiàn)代文明的。至于他所待時間僅半個月的日本,他則給予了很高的評價。額爾金對日本的美好評價,除了有處于工業(yè)文明繁盛期的英國人對自身發(fā)展出現(xiàn)問題進行的反思外,另外一點原因就是19世紀西方國家對日本的評價己經(jīng)陷入了一套話語體系中,評價時總是戴著一副“玫瑰色的眼鏡”。 最后一章將觀察者與被觀察者的身份對調(diào),以中國為立足點,考察與額爾金來華同時代中國人眼中的英國形象。與額爾金眼中的中國形象相對應,此時的中國人在被動的與英國日益頻繁聯(lián)系的過程中對英國的認識也在走向分化,或視其為夷狄番鬼,或看它作禮儀之邦,但二者本質(zhì)上都是立足于自身傳統(tǒng)儒家觀念基礎上審視英國現(xiàn)代文明的結(jié)果。 在19世紀英國文化中浸淫已久的額爾金,在觀察異域文明的時候總是帶著一副有色眼鏡。無論他眼中的中國、印度還是日本形象,與實際情況都有一定的出入。造成這種落差的根源既有19世紀東西方國家在實力上的差異,也有二者之間根深蒂固的文化沖突。而他眼中的中國形象也不再只是單純的中國,在此之外還夾雜了英國人自身的集體想象與創(chuàng)造。
[Abstract]:James Bruce, eighth, was one of the key figures in the Sino British Association during the second Opium War. He made the Chinese people memorable deeply by ordering the British and French troops to burn Old Summer Palace. He left China from 1857 to 1861 and left his footprints from the coastal ports to the long river. All strata of the state society from the Royal minister to the bottom of the public; in July 1858 he arrived in Japan and signed the Treaty of Commerce on behalf of the British government; after returning to Britain, he was transferred to the governor of India and finally died of heart disease in India. This article discussed the historical events of Erkin to China and analyzed the text of the diary, travel notes and so on. To discuss the Chinese image in his eyes, and to try to examine the image of the British in the eyes of the Chinese people of the same times, and try to reveal the deep cultural connotations of the differences in the image of foreign countries in China and Britain. The image of India and Japan, shaped by his special experiences in the East, provides a reference for the Chinese image in his eyes.
The first chapter of this article, based on the historical fact of the second Opium War, introduces the life of count Erkin, the reasons for the coming to China and his two trip to China. After the outbreak of the alo event, the government appointed Erkin as a special envoy of the government to China. Under his leadership, the British French coalition forces entered the city of Guangzhou, and went north to Tianjin, 1858 He returned to China on behalf of the British government and the Qing government on the Tianjin treaty. However, the 1859 British and French allied forces in the Dagu mouth and the Qing army once again brought Erkin back to China. Back to China, Erkin led the coalition forces to Beijing, forcing the emperor to escape the capital. Erkin was burned on the fire for "retaliation for the maltreatment of the hostages in the Qing government". Old Summer Palace, the last second Opium Wars, ended with the signing of the Beijing treaty.
The second chapter introduces the specific image of China in Erkin's eyes, and tries to excavate the reason for the creation and molding of the image from his views on the common people of China, officials and the national characteristics of the whole country. The people in his eyes are poor in living environment, ignorant and lacking in patriotism; the officials in his eyes are indifferent and cunning. The whole image of China in his eyes is dim. The reason for this Chinese image in the eyes of Erkin is multifaceted. First, Erkin is not an ambitious, aggressive person. On the contrary, there is a love affair with him; secondly, Erkin's views on China are from his colleagues as a package. The pressure of the order, Ba Xia Li, Seymour et al. And the domestic public opinion; third, is his own summary of the struggle experience in China. When he finds the way to change his thoughts, the way he treats the relationship with China with force and intimidation, he can get unexpected effects on this road and hold the hard and hard work of China. Creed.
The third chapter turns to Erkin's two other Eastern countries, India and Japan, to examine the image of Japan and India in his eyes as a reference to analyze the cultural connotation behind the appearance of the Chinese image in Erkin's eyes. Erkin was appointed governor of India in March 1862 and died in his appointment in November 1863. Later, he inherited and improved many measures to mitigate social contradictions during the Canin period, and actively restored the social order destroyed by the war of war in 1857. However, influenced by his predecessors, he regarded India as a low and weak nation, and India culture was also weaker than the British modern civilization. Erkin's evaluation of Japan, in addition to the reflection on the problems of its own development in the prosperous period of industrial civilization, is another reason that the western countries' evaluation of Japan in nineteenth Century has been trapped in a set of discourse systems, and always wears a pair of "rose colored glasses".
The last chapter focuses on the identity of the observer and the observer, taking China as the foothold and examining the image of the British in the eyes of the Chinese people of Erkin to China. It corresponds to the Chinese image in the eyes of Erkin. At this time, the Chinese people's understanding of Britain in the course of the increasingly frequent contact with Britain is also going to differentiate, or look at it. For the barbarians, or to see it as a state of ceremonies, the two are essentially based on their own traditional Confucian concepts and examine the results of modern British civilization.
Erkin, who has been soaked in the British culture in the nineteenth Century, always carries a pair of spectacles in the observation of a foreign civilization. No matter what he sees as China, India or Japan, there is a certain difference from the actual situation. The root causes the difference between the eastern and Western countries in nineteenth Century and the root of the two. Deep and solid culture conflict, and the image of China in his eyes is no longer just a simple China. In addition, it also contains the collective imagination and creation of the British themselves.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K254.3

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 王開璽;;英法被俘者圓明園受虐致死說考謬[J];北京師范大學學報(社會科學版);2010年04期

2 唐喜平;;論第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭時期清朝外交的指導思想[J];貴陽學院學報(社會科學版);2006年02期

3 林承節(jié);;對殖民時期印度史的再認識[J];世界歷史;2006年05期

4 黃宇和;帝國主義新析——第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭探索[J];近代史研究;1997年04期

5 張金鳳;;狄更斯對印度兵變的誤讀與書寫——對《英國囚徒歷險記》的互文性分析[J];解放軍外國語學院學報;2012年04期

6 莊萬友;;試述西方同莫臥兒印度的技術、文化交流[J];華中師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版);1990年05期

7 尹錫南;;英國作家的中國敘事與印度書寫[J];青島大學師范學院學報;2009年01期

8 徐靜波;;大航海時代以后日本人對外界與自身的新認識[J];日本學刊;2009年05期

9 王平;后殖民主義視野中的東方學[J];上海交通大學學報(哲學社會科學版);2005年01期

10 杰羅姆·切恩,成曉軍;近代中國人眼中的西方形象[J];湖南科技大學學報(社會科學版);1993年05期

，

本文編號：2054220