發(fā)布時間：2018-06-21 12:15

  本文選題：中國海關 + 德籍關員��； 參考：《中國海洋大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】：近代中國在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后開始逐漸喪失統(tǒng)一性和自主性,淪為列強競相角逐的場地,作為國家門戶的中國海關自然也不例外。列強的參與使近代中國海關成為了一個比較特殊的機構,其雖然機構在中國,所有權歸中國,絕大部分人員也是中國的,但具體的運行卻是以少數(shù)洋員為主導,按照外國的模式進行的。對清政府而言,洋員管理海關主要是基于內部財政和涉外糾紛考慮；對列強而言,洋員控制海關是維護其既得利益的考慮。因此,海關的有效運作對雙方都是有利的,雙方也都僅對海關保持了有限的干預,從而使其具有一定的獨立性。海關的洋化和國際化并不是一蹴而就的,而是一個清政府和列強以及列強間在實踐中不斷磨合和協(xié)調的過程。其表面上是海關稅務司的個人努力和作用,實際上則是列強間爭奪中國的現(xiàn)實反映。在這場爭奪中,德國人是居于弱勢的次要地位的,而英國人則始終居于支配性的核心地位。由于海關主要是作為一個執(zhí)行其既得利益而不是進一步攫取利益的工具而存在的,因此列強的主要目的在于通過適度干涉以保證其按條約規(guī)定正常運行而不是完全控制。但中國近代化的需要賦予了海關洋員本職之外的更大的施展空間,海關洋員由此又成為了中國近代化的媒介。洋員進入中國海關中的途徑是多樣的,目的也是復雜的。其面臨的不僅是基本公私利益的考量和抉擇,還有國家利益間的權衡和取舍�；诤ｊP洋員的民族性,其始終會是中國國家利益的潛在隱患；但基于中國近代化的需要,其卻又是不可或缺的。二者如何合理權衡,是一個相當復雜和微妙的問題,歷史在這里為我們提供了一個生動的舞臺。本課題主要梳理和研究的這個歷史舞臺中德籍關員的活動,探究在中西交融的海關中的德籍關員的權衡取舍,進而為現(xiàn)實中的的中外合作與交流提供一些歷史借鑒。
[Abstract]:After the Opium War, modern China began to lose its unity and autonomy and became the arena for the great powers to compete with each other. As a national gateway, China Customs was no exception. The participation of the foreign powers has made the modern Chinese customs a relatively special organization. Although the organization is in China and the ownership is in China, most of the personnel are also Chinese, but the specific operation is dominated by a small number of foreign personnel. According to a foreign pattern. To the Qing government, the management of foreign customs is mainly based on the internal financial and foreign disputes; for the powers, the control of foreign customs is to protect their vested interests. Therefore, the effective operation of customs is beneficial to both sides, and both sides only maintain limited interference to customs, which makes them independent to a certain extent. The Westernization and internationalization of customs was not accomplished overnight, but was a process of continuous running-in and coordination between the Qing government and the powers and the great powers in practice. On the surface, it is the personal effort and function of the Department of Customs and Taxation, but in fact it is a reflection of the struggle between the great powers for China. In this battle, the Germans are in a weak secondary position, while the British are always at the center of the dominant position. Since customs exist primarily as a means of enforcing their vested interests rather than further grabbing them, the main purpose of the powers is to ensure their proper operation in accordance with the provisions of the treaty, rather than complete control, through moderate intervention. However, the need for modernization of China has given more room for foreign customs officers to exert themselves, and customs officers have thus become the medium of China's modernization. The ways for foreigners to enter Chinese customs are diverse and complex. It faces not only the consideration and choice of the basic public and private interests, but also the trade-offs between the national interests. Based on the nationality of foreign customs officers, it will always be the potential hidden danger of China's national interests, but it is indispensable for the needs of China's modernization. How to balance the two is a rather complex and delicate issue, history here provides us with a vivid stage. This subject mainly combs and studies the activities of German customs officers in this historical stage, explores the trade-offs of German customs officers in the Sino-Western customs, and then provides some historical reference for the actual Sino-foreign cooperation and exchange.
【學位授予單位】：中國海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：F752.5;K251

【共引文獻】

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本文編號：2048578