本文選題：晚清 + 洋務(wù)學(xué)堂��； 參考：《西北師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：晚清洋務(wù)學(xué)堂教育作為一種教育思想、教育理論或教育學(xué)說而產(chǎn)生,是一定經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物,是時代的產(chǎn)物。它因洋務(wù)運(yùn)動的內(nèi)在需要而起,又推進(jìn)了洋務(wù)運(yùn)動的歷史開展,在中國教育史上占有非常重要的地位。本文旨在以經(jīng)費(fèi)研究為視角,來系統(tǒng)論述洋務(wù)學(xué)堂教育經(jīng)費(fèi)配置問題,并就經(jīng)費(fèi)配置給予客觀評價,以此來展現(xiàn)洋務(wù)學(xué)堂教育對中國教育近代化所產(chǎn)生的影響。 洋務(wù)學(xué)堂興辦面臨的首要問題是經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措,在籌措過程中面臨諸多實(shí)際困難。首先,洋務(wù)學(xué)堂的突發(fā)性和特殊性使得定項定額分配的封建教育經(jīng)費(fèi)體制無法使用于新式學(xué)堂;其次,晚清國庫財政形勢惡化,政府無力顧及洋務(wù)學(xué)堂興辦,進(jìn)一步加劇了經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措難度。面對時局之艱難,洋務(wù)學(xué)堂經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措之重任就落在地方督撫和中央各職能部門肩上,他們?yōu)樾率浇逃耐顿Y揭開了序幕。究其原因,一方面國家權(quán)力開始下放,洋務(wù)大臣開始具有財政收支權(quán)力,這為學(xué)堂經(jīng)費(fèi)調(diào)撥提供了政治保障;另一方面,穩(wěn)定增長的海關(guān)稅收在這一時期雖屬國家經(jīng)費(fèi),但管理之權(quán)不屬于戶部,而是總理衙門,洋務(wù)大臣實(shí)為撥發(fā)這一款項的決策者和執(zhí)行者,這一便利條件使海關(guān)稅收成為洋務(wù)學(xué)堂經(jīng)費(fèi)來源支柱。 洋務(wù)學(xué)堂是否健康、規(guī)范、穩(wěn)定向前發(fā)展,很大程度上取決于教育經(jīng)費(fèi)使用效率。洋務(wù)學(xué)堂在開辦近四十余年中,經(jīng)費(fèi)分配制度隨著學(xué)堂各項制度的發(fā)展而日漸完善。經(jīng)費(fèi)開支輻射學(xué)堂各個層面,包括“館政”、“掌教”、“學(xué)生”、“教育基建”等層面,前三個層面中,經(jīng)費(fèi)主要用于管理人員、教習(xí)、學(xué)生的薪金、生活待遇、出國留學(xué)及獎勵;第四個層面經(jīng)費(fèi)主要用于學(xué)館建設(shè)和日常辦公之必需品。在學(xué)堂開辦過程中,經(jīng)費(fèi)分配制度據(jù)學(xué)堂具體情況適時做出調(diào)整,進(jìn)而確保整個學(xué)堂順利進(jìn)行。從對教育各層面的具體投資可看出,隨著時局之變化,清廷官員思想亦在變,對教育的重視程度也較以前明顯。 洋務(wù)學(xué)堂經(jīng)費(fèi)配置在當(dāng)時背景下具有其合理性,保障學(xué)堂順利開展,實(shí)現(xiàn)了廣育人才之目的,同時也為我國近代新式教育經(jīng)費(fèi)配置提供了借鑒作用。在肯定其合理性時也應(yīng)看到其不足,洋務(wù)學(xué)堂是新興事物,就經(jīng)費(fèi)配置而言,因無成例可循,無統(tǒng)一法令來規(guī)范,致使在經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措、使用方面出現(xiàn)經(jīng)費(fèi)投入總量不足、制度混亂、管理缺失等現(xiàn)象,一定程度上延緩了教育近代化進(jìn)程。
[Abstract]:As a kind of educational thought, educational theory or pedagogy theory, the education of Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty is the product of certain economic and social development and the product of the times. Because of the inherent need of the Westernization Movement, it promoted the development of the Westernization Movement and played a very important role in the history of Chinese education. The purpose of this paper is to systematically discuss the allocation of educational funds in Westernization schools from the perspective of funding research, and to give an objective evaluation of the allocation of funds, so as to show the influence of Westernization school education on the modernization of Chinese education. Raising funds is the most important problem in the establishment of Westernization School, and it faces many practical difficulties in the process of raising funds. First of all, the sudden and particularity of Westernization School made it impossible for the feudal educational fund system of fixed item quota allocation to be used in new-style schools. Secondly, the fiscal situation of the treasury of the late Qing Dynasty deteriorated, and the government was unable to take into account the establishment of Westernization School. This further exacerbates the difficulty of raising funds. In the face of the difficult situation, the burden of raising funds for Westernization School falls on the shoulders of the local governor and the central government departments, which opened the prelude to the investment in new education. On the one hand, the state power began to be decentralized, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs began to have the power of fiscal revenue and expenditure, which provided a political guarantee for the allocation of school funds. On the other hand, although the steady increase in customs revenue was state funds during this period, However, the power of administration does not belong to the Ministry of Household Affairs, but to the Premier's Yamen. The Minister of Westernization is the decision-maker and executor of the allocation of this money. This convenient condition makes the customs tax become the mainstay of the funding source for the Westernized School of study. Whether the Westernization School is healthy, standardized and stable depends to a great extent on the efficiency of the use of educational funds. In the past forty years, the system of allocation of funds has been improved with the development of the school. Expenditure on various levels of the radiation school, including "hall administration", "teaching", "students", "educational infrastructure" and so on. In the first three levels, the funds are mainly used for management staff, teaching and learning, salaries of students, and living conditions. Study abroad and reward; the fourth level of funding is mainly used for the building and daily office necessities. In the course of opening the school, the allocation system of funds is adjusted according to the specific conditions of the school, thus ensuring the smooth progress of the whole school. From the specific investment in all levels of education, it can be seen that with the change of the current situation, the ideology of the officials of the Qing government is also changing, and the degree of attention to education is more obvious than before. The allocation of funds of Westernization School has its rationality under the background of that time, which ensures the smooth development of the school, realizes the purpose of educating talents widely, and also provides a reference for the allocation of modern educational funds in modern China. In affirming its reasonableness, we should also see its inadequacies. The Westernization School is a new thing. As far as the allocation of funds is concerned, there is no rule to follow and no unified law to regulate it, resulting in insufficient total investment in raising funds and using them. System confusion and lack of management delay the process of education modernization to a certain extent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K256

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