本文選題：梁士詒 + 郵傳部�。� 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：交通系是二十世紀(jì)中國最重要的既得利益官僚集團之一,它的創(chuàng)建和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是梁士詒(1868—1933)。梁士詒是廣東籍的學(xué)者型官僚,其于1894年獲得進士功名。梁在袁世凱及其主要外交財政顧問唐紹儀(1860—1938)的支持下進入郵傳部。郵傳部成立于1906年,經(jīng)管所有現(xiàn)代化的交通事業(yè),包括鐵路、航運、郵政、電報和電話。在1907—1911年,梁士詒擔(dān)任著鐵路總局局長,鐵路總局是管理政府鐵路的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機關(guān)。在此期間,梁士詒一方面致力于從外國人手中收回鐵路管理權(quán),并使之中央化,另一方面通過其高明的政治手腕組織了一個官僚和財政權(quán)力網(wǎng)。最初,他們的力量影藏于和袁世凱相互依賴的關(guān)系中。當(dāng)袁在1916年病死后,梁和交通系開始顯示出他們所擁有的強大力量。在軍閥時期,他們活躍于不斷更迭的北洋政府中,為一屆屆總統(tǒng)和總理提供著支持。當(dāng)奉系軍閥張作霖控制北京政府時,梁士詒本人還擔(dān)任了政府的總理。直到1927年國民黨進行北伐前,中國最重要的鐵路都控制在交通系成員手中,他們中的許多人曾在不同時期擔(dān)任過北京內(nèi)閣的閣員。 本文除緒論、結(jié)語外,共分為四部分： 第一部分分述梁士詒早期的政治生活,從學(xué)者到鐵路局長的轉(zhuǎn)變。1903年的“經(jīng)濟特科”使梁士詒獲得了袁世凱和唐紹儀的注意,并對其今后的事業(yè)具有著決定性的意義。1906年,郵傳部成立后,梁士詒憑借著自身的學(xué)識以及袁世凱的影響,使其能夠在郵傳部建立起非凡的影響力。1907年,鐵路總局局長的任命使梁士詒在加強政府對鐵路控制方面扮演了一個十分重要的角色,同時也使他能夠在鐵路事務(wù)權(quán)力范圍內(nèi)建立起一個屬于自己的官僚派系。 第二部分分述梁士詒的官僚政治策略和交通系的源起。梁士詒在郵傳部鐵路機構(gòu)的地位成為了交通系重要的權(quán)力基礎(chǔ),其不斷在郵傳部和鐵路官僚體系中的重要部分安插著自己的親信,這些人中最重要的有葉恭綽、關(guān)賡麟、關(guān)冕鈞和趙慶華等,他們成為了梁士詒所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)交通系的中堅。雖然梁士詒和交通系在1909一1911年的政潮中受到了嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn),但他們緊緊掌握著鐵路的控制權(quán)。梁士詒和交通系堅強地抵抗來自政敵的攻擊,并證明他們所擁有的實力。 第三部分分述民國初年梁士詒與袁世凱的關(guān)系及其對交通系的影響。在1912—1916年間,梁士詒所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的交通系成為袁世凱總統(tǒng)寶座的主要支柱之一,袁需要梁的財政意見、交通系在經(jīng)營鐵路方面的理財能力及其在銀行界的影響力。梁使交通系隱藏在袁世凱之后,成功控制鐵路與交通銀行,并將影響力擴展于政府財政部門。在這過程中,交通系成為民初政壇上一個重要的政治勢力。在1915—1916年間的帝制運動過程中,梁士詒及交通系將自己與袁世凱緊緊綁在同一輛戰(zhàn)車上。當(dāng)?shù)壑七\動宣告失敗時,梁士詒及交通系也就從權(quán)力的頂峰跌落下來。 第四部分分述交通系的組織特點及政治屬性。在交通系的組織形成過程中,可以明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的社會關(guān)系占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位,如親屬、世誼、同鄉(xiāng)、師生、長官部屬、同年(學(xué))、同僚、姻親以及結(jié)拜等關(guān)系。這些關(guān)系在作為交通系結(jié)合紐帶的同時時,在其內(nèi)部還有著一整套完善的組織結(jié)構(gòu),為交通系的結(jié)合提供著強有力的支持。 結(jié)語部分重點探討梁士詒及交通系在清末民初這一轉(zhuǎn)型時期所表現(xiàn)出的特殊利益集團屬性,由于其處于社會政治層面的次一級,附屬于政治強權(quán)勢力,本身不能自主制約社會發(fā)展的大趨勢,因此他們的政治行為大多是依附政治強權(quán)勢力意志的體現(xiàn),很少是自主意志在起支配作用,更多的是趨利避害的利益驅(qū)動。
[Abstract]:The transportation department was one of the most important vested interest bureaucracy groups in China in twentieth Century. It was founded and led by Liang Shiyi (1868 - 1933). Liang Shih was a scholar bureaucrat of Guangdong nationality. He was named as a scholar in 1894. Liang entered the post department under the support of Yuan Shikai and his main diplomatic adviser Tang Shaoyi (1860 - 1938). It was established in 1906 to manage all modern transportation, including railway, shipping, postal, Telegraph and telephone. In 1907 to 1911, Liang Shiyi served as the director of the General Administration of railway, and the General Administration of Railways was the leading organ for the administration of government railways. During this period, Liang Shiyi was committed to reclaim and centralize the management of railway from the hands of foreigners. On the other hand, a bureaucratic and financial power network was organized through its brilliant political wrist. Initially, their strength was hidden in the relationship with Yuan Shikai. When Yuan died in 1916, Liang and the transportation department began to show the strong power they had. During the warlords, they were active in the constantly changing North ocean government. In support of the president and prime minister, Liang Shiyi himself served as Prime Minister of the government when Zhang Zuolin, a warlord Zhang Zuolin, was also the Prime Minister of the government. Until the northern expedition of the Kuomintang in 1927, the most important railways in China were in the hands of the transport department, and many of them had served as members of the Beijing cabinet at different times.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four parts.
The first part describes Liang's early political life, the transition from the scholar to the railway Commissioner in.1903, which made Liang Shiyi's attention to Yuan Shikai and Tang Shaoyi, and has a decisive significance for his future career,.1906 years. After the establishment of the post ministry, Liang Shih has his own knowledge and Yuan Shikai's influence. To enable it to establish a remarkable influence in the post office of the.1907 year, the appointment of the director of the General Administration of railways made Liang Shiyi a very important role in strengthening the government's control of railway, and also enabled him to establish a own bureaucratic faction within the power of railway affairs.
The second part describes Liang's bureaucratic political strategy and the origin of the transportation department. The position of Liang Shih in the post ministry railway has become an important power base for the transportation department. It has been placed in the important part of the post ministry and the railway bureaucracy. The most important of these are Ye Gongchuo, Guan Genglin, Guan Mian and Zhao. Qinghua, and so on, became the backbone of the Department of transportation led by Liang Shih. Although Liang Shih and the Department of transportation were seriously challenged in the 1911 tide of politics, they firmly grasps the control of the railway. Liang Shih and the transportation department strongly resisted the attack from the political opponents and proved their strength.
The third part describes the relationship between Liang Shih and Yuan Shikai in the early years of the Republic of China and its influence on the transportation department. During the period of 1912 to 1916, the transportation department led by Liang Shiyi became one of the main pillars of President Yuan Shikai's throne. Yuan needed the financial opinions of Liang, the financial ability of the transportation department and its influence in the banking sector. After the transportation department was hidden behind Yuan Shikai, the railway and the Bank of communications were successfully controlled and the influence was extended to the government's financial department. In this process, the transportation department became an important political force in the political arena of the early Republic of China. During the monarchy movement between 1915 and 1916, Liang Shiyi and the cross department tied themselves with Yuan Shikai to the same chariot. When the monarchy movement failed, Liang Shiyi and the traffic department fell from the peak of power.
The fourth part describes the organizational and political attributes of the transportation department. In the course of the formation of the transportation department, it can be found that the traditional social relations occupy a dominant position, such as relatives, friendship, fellow townships, teachers and students, the Ministry of the chief, the same year (school), colleagues, in laws, and worship. At the same time, there is a complete set of perfect organizational structure, which provides strong support for the integration of transportation system.
The concluding part focuses on the special interest group attributes expressed by Liang Shiji and the transportation department in the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Because it is at the secondary level of the social and political level, it is attached to the power of political power, which itself cannot restrict the big trend of social development, so their political behavior is mostly dependent on political power. The manifestation of power will be that self will plays a dominant role, and more is profit driven by advantages and disadvantages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K257;K258;U21

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