本文選題：傳教士 + 西方醫(yī)學(xué)�。� 參考：《南開(kāi)大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：十九世紀(jì)，基督教各團(tuán)體的海外傳教熱情再次高漲。因此，位于遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)的中國(guó)也再次被納入了基督教各差會(huì)的視野。此時(shí)的西方世界已經(jīng)逐漸了解到在遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)還有一片古老而廣袤的土地，那里的人口位居世界第一，所以若能使這樣一個(gè)國(guó)家皈依上帝的懷抱，那將是一件莫大的事功。 正是懷抱著“神圣”的使命與期望，伴隨著各自國(guó)家的商人、軍人和冒險(xiǎn)家的腳步，西方各國(guó)的傳教士也先后接踵而至，來(lái)到了中國(guó)。但他們很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管同西方各國(guó)相比，中國(guó)仍處于前工業(yè)時(shí)代，但其悠久的歷史卻締造了足以鄙視西方各國(guó)的優(yōu)秀文化。此外，這些傳教士們還很快地發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國(guó)人的性格過(guò)于保守，而且對(duì)于自己的文化傳統(tǒng)還懷有根深蒂固的自豪感，這一點(diǎn)在那些幾乎沒(méi)有什么文化的階層當(dāng)中也能毫無(wú)例外地體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。 因此，無(wú)論是天主教抑或是新教的傳教士，他們之中的大多數(shù)人都對(duì)中國(guó)文化懷有敵意，認(rèn)為這種古老的文化傳統(tǒng)恰恰是福音在此傳播的障礙。所以，這些傳教士都一致認(rèn)為摧毀中國(guó)人對(duì)自己文化所持有的“唯我獨(dú)尊”的心理，進(jìn)而改造或改變這種文化，是使整個(gè)帝國(guó)皈依上帝的關(guān)鍵一環(huán)。這樣一來(lái)，基督教各差會(huì)為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，便開(kāi)始嘗試各種傳教方法，運(yùn)用各種宣教策略，以求從方方面面打擊中國(guó)人的“中國(guó)文化優(yōu)勝觀”。因?yàn)�，傳教士們�?jiān)信只有打破中國(guó)固有的文化壁壘，作為西方文化組成部分的宗教思想才能在這片土地扎根。 和興辦教育相比，以傳醫(yī)促傳教在基督教的典籍中更能找到理論依據(jù)。耶穌本人不就正是通過(guò)治愈貧窮的患者來(lái)彰顯其自身的神跡嗎？所以，十九世紀(jì)來(lái)華的基督教各團(tuán)體，尤其是新教各差會(huì)對(duì)于利用西方醫(yī)學(xué)來(lái)吸引中國(guó)人入教顯示了濃厚的興趣。自美國(guó)新教傳教士伯駕率先在廣州開(kāi)辦新豆欄醫(yī)院之后，西醫(yī)診所便開(kāi)始從中國(guó)沿海地區(qū)向內(nèi)地普及。盡管這些診所的規(guī)模不等，但必然會(huì)有一位受過(guò)醫(yī)學(xué)訓(xùn)練的傳教士醫(yī)生主持。面對(duì)柳葉刀所創(chuàng)造出的奇跡，不但中國(guó)的普通患者感到震驚，即便是如李鴻章這樣的朝廷重臣也大為折服。 與此同時(shí)，這些傳教士醫(yī)生為了減輕自己世俗工作的負(fù)擔(dān)，開(kāi)始訓(xùn)練中國(guó)本地助手。此舉本意是為了緩解傳教士醫(yī)生的工作壓力，使其能有更多的時(shí)間投身于傳教事業(yè)，但反而卻促使了中國(guó)西醫(yī)學(xué)教育的起步。此外，一些開(kāi)明士紳和民族資本家也日益意識(shí)到強(qiáng)國(guó)的關(guān)鍵在于強(qiáng)民，所以他們也積極開(kāi)辦西醫(yī)診療與教育機(jī)構(gòu)。然而，這些人大力提倡西醫(yī)的動(dòng)因卻與傳教士的初衷完全不同。他們希望通過(guò)西方先進(jìn)的醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)達(dá)到保民強(qiáng)種的目的，希望通過(guò)西方先進(jìn)的醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)使中國(guó)在新的世界格局中重新找回民族自尊的基礎(chǔ)。 這樣一來(lái)，西方醫(yī)學(xué)這一原本為宗教事業(yè)服務(wù)的工具就日漸脫離了傳教士的掌控，開(kāi)始成為了中國(guó)近代社會(huì)變革的組成部分。這一結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)實(shí)非傳教士所能預(yù)料。為了配合醫(yī)學(xué)朝現(xiàn)代化的方向發(fā)展，中國(guó)千百年來(lái)的衛(wèi)生管理體制也開(kāi)始發(fā)生變革。這一變革的參照是西方工業(yè)化國(guó)家的衛(wèi)生行政管理制度，而變革的目的則是使公共衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的建設(shè)最終被納入中央行政管理的軌道。因此，這一做法本身也可視為“中國(guó)千古未有之變革”！ 至此，從某種意義上講，傳教士以傳醫(yī)促傳教的策略雖未能在中國(guó)取得預(yù)期的效果，但卻轉(zhuǎn)而引發(fā)了中國(guó)近代全方位的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體制的改革，引發(fā)了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)療文化的改變。若要追究醫(yī)學(xué)傳教事業(yè)失敗的原因，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)人在和傳教士交往的過(guò)程中慢慢地領(lǐng)悟到了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)——只接受其帶來(lái)的西方先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，而拒絕接納其兜售的西方宗教哲學(xué)思想是完全可行的。
[Abstract]:In nineteenth Century, the enthusiasm of the Christian groups was again high. Therefore, China in the Far East was once again brought into the vision of the different Christian societies. The western world has gradually realized that there is an ancient and vast land in the Far East, where the population is the first in the world, so if so, A country's conversion to God's embrace will be a great achievement.
With the mission and expectation of "holy", with the footsteps of businessmen, soldiers and adventurers in their respective countries, missionaries in the West have come to China successively. But they soon found that although China is still in the era of former industry compared with the western countries, its long history has been created enough to despise the West. In addition, the missionaries quickly found that the Chinese are too conservative and have a deep-rooted sense of pride in their cultural traditions, which can be reflected in the almost no cultural class.
Therefore, the Catholic or Protestant missionaries, most of them are hostile to Chinese culture, and think that this ancient cultural tradition is precisely the obstacle to the spread of the gospel. To make or change this culture is a key link to the conversion of the Empire to the whole empire. In this way, in order to achieve this goal, Christianity began to try all kinds of missionary methods and use all kinds of propaganda strategies in order to fight the Chinese "culture of excellence" from all aspects, because the missionaries firmly believe that only breaking China is solid. Some cultural barriers, as a part of western culture, can take root in this land.
Compared with the development of education, it is more possible to find a theoretical basis in the Christian Classics. Is Jesus himself to show his own miracles through the cure of the poor? So, the Christian groups in China in China in nineteenth Century, especially the Protestant differences, have attracted the Chinese education by using western medicine. Strong interest. Western medical clinics began to spread from the coastal areas of China to the mainland since the new American Protestant Missionary BeO Bok opened the new bean hurdles hospital in Guangzhou. Although these clinics are different, there will inevitably be a medical trained missionary doctor. Ordinary patients were shocked, even the court officials like Li Hongzhang were greatly impressed.
At the same time, the missionaries began to train local Chinese assistants in order to reduce the burden of their secular work. This was intended to relieve the pressure of the missionaries' work and to make more time for missionary work, but on the contrary, it prompted the start of Chinese Western medicine education. In addition, some enlightened gentry and ethnic groups. The capitalists are also increasingly aware that the key to the great power is the strong people, so they also actively run western medical treatment and education institutions. However, these people are strongly advocating the motivation of Western medicine to be completely different from the original intention of the missionaries. They hope to achieve the purpose of protecting the people and strong species through western advanced medical technology, hoping to pass the advanced western medical techniques. It enables China to regain its national self-esteem in the new world structure.
As a result, western medicine, a tool that was originally a religious service, was increasingly out of the control of the missionaries and began to become part of the modern social change in China. The result was not expected by the missionaries. In order to match the direction of modernization, the health management system in China has opened for thousands of years. The change is based on the health administration system in the western industrialized countries, and the purpose of the reform is to make the construction of public health into the track of the central administration. Therefore, this practice can also be regarded as "China's unprecedented change"!
At this point, in a sense, the missionaries' strategy for promoting missionary work has failed to achieve the desired effect in China, but it has led to the reform of the modern Chinese medical and health system and the change of Chinese traditional medical culture. If the cause of the failure of medical missionary work is to be investigated, we will find that the Chinese are in it. In the course of communication with the missionaries, it was gradually realized that such a fact was accepted only by its advanced western science and technology, and it was completely feasible to refuse to accept the Western religious philosophy that it had sold.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開(kāi)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R-09;K25

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