本文選題：民國 + 福建��； 參考：《南京師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以民國時(shí)期為主要研究時(shí)段,對(duì)福建永佃制作了較為全面的考察。 一、永佃制的形成和分布。福建永佃制在形成渠道上實(shí)現(xiàn)了多元化,民國時(shí)期政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)等多方面的變化又導(dǎo)致了這些形成方式的演變趨勢各異。永佃制公田既有與普通公田相同的地方,又有許多獨(dú)特之處,其獨(dú)有的形成方式是福建永佃制形成方式的重要組成部分。民國時(shí)期,永佃制在福建境內(nèi)廣泛存在,且比重達(dá)到了20%以上,但永佃制在省內(nèi)各地區(qū)的發(fā)展并不平衡,同一縣市內(nèi)不同鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)或村莊的分布也不平衡。這是由省內(nèi)人多地少、農(nóng)民對(duì)地主人身依附關(guān)系松弛、各地經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和租佃程度不同等因素共同促成的。 二、政權(quán)政策變遷與永佃制的發(fā)展。政府的政策和政局的更替對(duì)永佃制有著深遠(yuǎn)影響。清代前中期,福建永佃制是蓬勃發(fā)展的,后來由于地方政府對(duì)永佃制實(shí)施禁革而使得發(fā)展速度暫時(shí)放緩,但永佃制習(xí)俗的“牢不可破”加上清末對(duì)永佃權(quán)的立法,清代福建永佃制從總體上來說又是向前發(fā)展的。民國時(shí)期律法逐步貼合民俗,給永佃制的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的法律環(huán)境,但這一時(shí)期福建政權(quán)的不斷更替對(duì)永佃制造成了程度不同的影響：民初軍閥混戰(zhàn)使得永佃制的發(fā)展有所遲滯；紅軍和十九路軍分田期間,永佃制出現(xiàn)了短暫的衰落；之后又因?yàn)樵杏赖桕P(guān)系的恢復(fù)和國民政府推行永佃權(quán)而得到重新發(fā)展。中共土改時(shí)在承認(rèn)農(nóng)民田皮權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上歸并皮骨,永佃制在福建最終消失。清代以降,福建永佃制經(jīng)歷了持續(xù)發(fā)展→發(fā)展遲滯→短暫衰落→恢復(fù)發(fā)展→徹底消失這樣一種演變過程。 三、永佃制的保護(hù)。到了民國時(shí)期,社會(huì)各方力量都參與到永佃制的保護(hù)中來。在永佃制形成和存續(xù)過程中,永佃農(nóng)、政府和司法機(jī)關(guān)會(huì)采取相應(yīng)的手段保護(hù)永佃權(quán)。在圍繞永佃土地發(fā)生糾紛時(shí),當(dāng)事人會(huì)選擇民間調(diào)解、官方調(diào)處或?qū)徟⑺痉ㄕ{(diào)解及審判中的一種或多種方式進(jìn)行解決,同時(shí)宗族組織和士紳階層,縣及縣以下基層治理機(jī)構(gòu)或組織,以及司法機(jī)關(guān)等等在解決糾紛的三種方式中發(fā)揮著重要作用。 四、永佃制下的主佃利益關(guān)系。永佃制的地租形態(tài)主要是實(shí)物地租,貨幣地租所占比例雖然不大,但一直貫穿于永佃制的發(fā)展過程當(dāng)中。承租山林的地租形態(tài)以貨幣地租為主。一般私田的永佃租率要低于當(dāng)?shù)仄胀ㄗ獾璧淖饴?山林和公田的永佃租率更低。永佃制改變了傳統(tǒng)的主佃關(guān)系,骨主權(quán)力日漸衰微,永佃戶權(quán)力日益膨脹。 五、永佃制下的土地流轉(zhuǎn),主要從四方面進(jìn)行了探討。1、轉(zhuǎn)租。民國福建轉(zhuǎn)租行為在民間暢行,并且逐漸得到官方和司法機(jī)關(guān)的認(rèn)可。轉(zhuǎn)租呈現(xiàn)出一種小比例、廣遍布的分布狀態(tài)。各地大、小租的數(shù)額不一,田皮轉(zhuǎn)租的租率也高低不等,但都普遍低于當(dāng)?shù)氐钠胀ㄗ獾枳饴省?、繼承與典當(dāng)。繼承和典當(dāng)永佃制土地的現(xiàn)象盛行于福建各地。田皮、田骨和皮骨全田可以分別繼承、典當(dāng)或者轉(zhuǎn)典當(dāng),擴(kuò)大了流轉(zhuǎn)的規(guī)模,提高了流轉(zhuǎn)的頻率。3、轉(zhuǎn)賣與皮骨價(jià)格。轉(zhuǎn)賣有活賣與絕賣之分,并通過找價(jià)完成從活賣到絕賣的轉(zhuǎn)化。田皮權(quán)無需納稅、流轉(zhuǎn)靈活且手續(xù)簡便,這些特點(diǎn)使其買賣價(jià)格超過了田骨。但田皮價(jià)格高低又與時(shí)局穩(wěn)定與否有很大關(guān)系,清代民國時(shí)期,福建的田皮價(jià)格基本處于高于田骨價(jià)格的態(tài)勢,這主要是因?yàn)楦＝ㄊ軕?zhàn)亂的影響相對(duì)較小,田皮交易市場運(yùn)行比較平穩(wěn)。4、族田中的永佃F田l流轉(zhuǎn)。族田典賣有著明顯不同于普通私田的地方,主要體現(xiàn)在族人只有權(quán)典賣自己的輪值年份和族田流轉(zhuǎn)一般采取典當(dāng)或者活賣形式兩方面。永佃制土地的存在加劇了族田的流轉(zhuǎn)頻率 六、永佃制的性質(zhì)。從雙層地權(quán)歸屬、永佃權(quán)產(chǎn)權(quán)特點(diǎn)、永佃租率三方面來看,永佃制就是一種為普通農(nóng)戶所掌握、業(yè)佃雙方平等享有土地所有權(quán),對(duì)永佃農(nóng)有利的土地制度。 文章最后指出,研究民國福建永佃制對(duì)當(dāng)今中國農(nóng)地制度的改革有著重要的啟發(fā)意義。
[Abstract]:Taking the period of the Republic of China as the main research period, this article makes a more comprehensive survey of Fujian tenant.
First, the formation and distribution of the permanent tenancy system. The permanent tenancy system in Fujian has been diversified in the form of formation. The changes in political, economic and social changes in the period of the Republic of China have resulted in different trends in the evolution of these forms. The permanent tenancy system has the same place as the ordinary public field, but also has many unique features, and its unique form of formation is Fujian. In the period of the Republic of China, the permanent tenancy system existed widely in Fujian, and the proportion reached more than 20%. However, the development of the permanent tenancy system in all regions of the province was not balanced, and the distribution of different towns and villages in the same county was uneven. Factors such as the economic structure and the degree of tenancy are all contributed together.
Two, the change of political policy and the development of the permanent tenancy system. The government's policy and political situation had a profound influence on the system of permanent tenancy. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the permanent tenancy system in Fujian was flourishing, and the development speed of the permanent tenancy was temporarily slowed down because of the local government's prohibition of the system of tenancy, but the "unbreakable" custom of the permanent tenancy system combined with the late Qing Dynasty. The legislation of the tenancy of tenancy in the Qing Dynasty and the permanent tenancy system of Fujian in the Qing Dynasty developed in general. The law gradually fitted the folklore in the Republic of China and created a good legal environment for the development of the permanent tenancy system. However, the continuous replacement of the Fujian regime in this period made a difference to the permanent tenancy: the development of the permanent tenancy by the warlords in the early days of the Republic of China made the development of the permanent tenancy system. Sluggish; the permanent tenancy of the Red Army and the nineteen road army in the field was briefly declining; after that, the restoration of the relationship between the original tenancy and the permanent tenancy of the national government had been redeveloped. The Communist Party of the Communist Party of China reclaimed the skin on the basis of the recognition of the farmer's farmland rights, and the permanent tenancy system disappeared in Fujian. The Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the permanent tenancy system of Fujian, and the permanent tenancy system of the Qing Dynasty It has experienced continuous development, development lag, short decline, resumption development and total disappearance.
Three, the protection of the system of permanent tenancy. In the period of the Republic of China, all social forces were involved in the protection of the permanent tenancy system. During the formation and survival of the permanent tenancy system, the permanent tenant farmers, the government and the judiciary would take the appropriate means to protect the permanent tenancy. When there was a dispute around the land of permanent tenancy, the parties would choose to mediate, official or approving. The settlement of one or more ways in the mediation and trial, while the clan organization and the gentry class, the grass-roots governance institutions or organizations below the county and the county level, and the judicial organs, and so on, play an important role in the three ways of resolving disputes.
Four, the interest relationship of the main tenancy under the permanent tenancy. The land rent form of the permanent tenancy is mainly real land rent, while the proportion of money and land is not large, but it runs through the process of the development of the permanent tenancy. The rent form of the rented mountain forest is mainly in the form of money and land. The rents of the rented land are lower than the local rent rate of the common tenancy, the mountain forest and the public field. The tenancy system has changed the traditional main tenancy relationship, and the power of bone is declining. The power of tenants is expanding day by day.
Five, the land circulation under the permanent tenancy, mainly from four aspects to discuss.1, sublease. The renting behavior of Fujian in the Republic of China was unimpeded by the people, and gradually received the approval of the official and judicial organs. The sublease presented a small proportion and widespread distribution. The common tenancy rate of.2, inheritance and pawnage is lower than the local common tenancy rate. The inheritance and pawning of the land of permanent tenancy prevails in all parts of Fujian. Field skin, field bone and leather whole fields can be inherited, pawned or transferred to expand the scale of circulation, increase the frequency of circulation.3, resell and price the skin. In the period of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the price of Tian PI in the period of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was basically higher than the price of the field bone, mainly because of the blessing of Fujian. The impact of the war is relatively small, the field market operation is relatively stable.4, and the permanent tenant F field L circulation in the tribe field. Intensifying the frequency of the circulation of the family field
Six, the nature of the permanent tenancy system. From the three aspects of the ownership of the double land rights, the property right of the tenancy and the renting rate of the permanent tenancy, the permanent tenancy system is a land system which is mastered by the ordinary farmers, and the tenant both enjoy the land ownership equal to the tenant farmers, and the land system for the permanent tenant farmers.
The article finally points out that the study of the tenancy system in the Republic of China in Fujian has important implications for the reform of China's agricultural land system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K258;F329

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李靜;中國永佃制制度演化研究（960～1949）[D];遼寧大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：2000881