本文選題：人民公社 + 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效�。� 參考：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),我國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)取得重大成就,綜合國(guó)力顯著提高,人民生活水平顯著改善,然而社會(huì)不平衡現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,城鄉(xiāng)差距日益拉大,“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題突顯,成為制約全局的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。新世紀(jì)以來(lái),三農(nóng)工作成為我黨工作的重中之重,當(dāng)前,社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)在各地普遍開(kāi)展,轟轟烈烈的建設(shè)背后仍然有很多隱憂(yōu),集中反映為農(nóng)民的權(quán)利保障問(wèn)題。在此背景下,研究人民公社時(shí)期的“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題具有重要意義,一方面,解決當(dāng)前的“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題必須從歷史的視角全面審視,并且人民公社給今日中國(guó)打上了鮮明的烙印;另一方面,人民公社體制問(wèn)題的核心是權(quán)力過(guò)度集中,換個(gè)角度就是民眾權(quán)利過(guò)少,當(dāng)前三農(nóng)工作主要從物質(zhì)方面支援農(nóng)村,缺少對(duì)農(nóng)民自主權(quán)利的關(guān)注,二者是相通的。 本文試圖運(yùn)用新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的相關(guān)理論,通過(guò)實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析相結(jié)合,對(duì)人民公社時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效問(wèn)題進(jìn)行深入剖析,分析人民公社時(shí)期農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效低下的原因,揭示人民公社體制弊端的實(shí)質(zhì),以求對(duì)當(dāng)前的“三農(nóng)”工作具有一定的啟示意義。本文堅(jiān)持農(nóng)民的理性假設(shè),農(nóng)民會(huì)在一定的環(huán)境約束下做出對(duì)自己最有利的選擇,農(nóng)民是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主體,農(nóng)作制度是否承認(rèn)并符合農(nóng)民的理性假設(shè)是其產(chǎn)生何種生產(chǎn)績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵。人民公社集權(quán)體制下的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效是低下的,這一結(jié)論不僅可以從不同歷史時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效比較中得出,也可以從與同期擁有一定自主權(quán)的家庭副業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效比較中得出。制度是影響經(jīng)濟(jì)績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵因素,同理,人民公社時(shí)期的農(nóng)作制度是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效低下的重要原因。人民公社時(shí)期的農(nóng)作制度可以從產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、分配制度、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理制度三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析。產(chǎn)權(quán)制度在前期體現(xiàn)為“一大二公”,1962年以后體現(xiàn)為“三級(jí)所有、隊(duì)為基礎(chǔ)”;分配制度在前期體現(xiàn)為公共食堂的絕對(duì)平均主義,1962年以后體現(xiàn)為帶有一定按勞分配性質(zhì)的“工分制”;經(jīng)營(yíng)管理體制為單一的計(jì)劃體制。這樣的制度安排為什么及怎樣導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重低下的生產(chǎn)績(jī)效是文章第四、五兩章關(guān)注的核心問(wèn)題。作為基礎(chǔ)性制度安排的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度,一方面存在不確定性,影響了農(nóng)民的收益預(yù)期,另一方面,結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,造成巨大的外部成本。由于人民公社的分配制度極不合理,導(dǎo)致激勵(lì)不足,影響了資源配置效率。由于人民公社堅(jiān)持計(jì)劃體制,產(chǎn)生了大量的監(jiān)督管理成本。由此,人民公社時(shí)期農(nóng)作制度的收益——成本失衡,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)績(jī)效的低下。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, great achievements have been made in China's socialist modernization drive, the overall national strength has improved significantly, and the living standards of the people have been significantly improved. However, the social imbalance is serious, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening day by day, and the "three rural" problems are highlighted. Become the key problem that restricts the overall situation. Since the new century, the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers has become the most important work of our Party. At present, the construction of new socialist countryside is widely carried out all over the world, and there are still many hidden worries behind the vigorous construction, which is reflected in the protection of farmers' rights. Under this background, it is of great significance to study the issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in the people's commune period. On the one hand, to solve the current problem of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" must be comprehensively examined from a historical perspective, and the people's commune has made a clear mark on China today. On the other hand, the core of the people's commune system is the excessive concentration of power, in other words, the people's rights are too few. At present, the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers mainly supports the rural areas from the material aspect, and lacks the attention to the farmers' independent rights. The two are interlinked. This paper attempts to use the relevant theories of new institutional economics, through the combination of empirical analysis and normative analysis, to analyze the agricultural production performance in the people's commune period, and analyze the reasons for the low agricultural production performance during the people's commune period. To reveal the essence of the malpractice of the people's commune system, in order to have certain enlightenment significance to the present work of "agriculture, countryside and farmers". This paper insists on the rational assumption of farmers that farmers will make the most favorable choices for themselves under certain environmental constraints, and farmers are the main body of agricultural production. Whether or not the farming system recognizes and conforms to the farmers' rational hypothesis is the key to its productive performance. The performance of agricultural production under the centralization system of people's communes is low. This conclusion can not only be drawn from the comparison of agricultural production performance in different historical periods. It can also be drawn from the comparison of household sideline production performance with the corresponding autonomy. The system is the key factor to affect the economic performance. Similarly, the agricultural farming system during the people's commune period is the important reason for the low agricultural production performance. The farming system in the people's commune period can be analyzed from three aspects: property right system, distribution system and management system. The system of property rights is embodied in the early stage as "the first two public", and after 1962 as "three levels of ownership, team as the basis"; The distribution system is the absolute equalitarianism of the public canteen in the early stage, and the "work division system" with the nature of distribution according to work after 1962, and the management system is a single planning system. Why and how such institutional arrangements lead to serious low production performance are the core issues of the fourth and fifth chapters. As the basic institutional arrangement, the property right system, on the one hand, has uncertainty, which affects the farmers' income expectation, on the other hand, the structure is unreasonable, resulting in huge external cost. Because the distribution system of the people's commune is extremely unreasonable, it leads to insufficient incentive and affects the efficiency of resource allocation. As the people's communes adhere to the planning system, a large number of supervision and management costs. As a result, the income-cost imbalance of the farming system during the people's commune period leads to the low performance of agricultural production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K27

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