本文選題：京師警察廳 + 北洋政府時期��； 參考：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：北京作為清政府的政治中心,在進入近代以后,伴隨城市結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,特別是城市人口的發(fā)展和功能的擴展,城市生活日益豐富復(fù)雜,其傳統(tǒng)社會秩序也開始逐漸發(fā)生變化,傳統(tǒng)的控制方法日益顯出支絀而難以應(yīng)付。1900年的義和團運動和八國聯(lián)軍入侵更是直接導(dǎo)致了北京原有城市秩序混亂、社會失控。清政府為維護社會秩序,穩(wěn)定政權(quán)統(tǒng)治,效仿西方的近代警察制度,在北京開始辦理警政。 袁世凱奪取政權(quán)后,非常重視北京警政的建設(shè),在前清內(nèi)、外城巡警總廳的基礎(chǔ)上改組成立了京師警察廳,專門負責北京城郊地方警察行政事務(wù)。京師警察廳及其轄屬機構(gòu)經(jīng)過不斷地調(diào)整和充實,在職能規(guī)劃、組織體制、人事制度等各方面都更適應(yīng)時局的需要,在維持北京地區(qū)社會秩序的過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。 對于警政相關(guān)問題的研究,學(xué)界普遍僅僅關(guān)注警察維持社會治安的職能,但北洋政府時期警察的職能與南京政府時期以及新中國成立后的警察職能有很大的不同,其中最明顯的區(qū)別是職能相當廣泛。以北洋政府時期作為全國表率的京師警察廳為例進行分析,其職能除了負責基本的人口管理、公共場所管理、危險物品管理、交通管理、社會風(fēng)氣管理、消防管理等治安事務(wù)外,還大量參與房地管理、稅收管理、醫(yī)療行業(yè)管理和公共衛(wèi)生管理等市政事務(wù),甚至還參與了大量的貧民、婦女、兒童的救助和教養(yǎng)等慈善事務(wù)。概括地說,北洋政府時期的京師警察廳同時承擔著三重職能:維護地方治安、進行城市管理和施行慈善救助,并且這三種職能同等重要,并沒有只重視治安職能而忽視市政職能和慈善職能。對于這一時期警察職能的廣泛性,只有個別學(xué)者在研究中簡單提及,并沒有依據(jù)史料詳細論證,亦沒有進一步分析這種職能的影響。本文以當時的報紙、檔案、期刊為基本史料,詳細考察了北洋政府時期京師警察廳的多重職能,并分析了這種職能對民眾生活、城市社會以及政府統(tǒng)治權(quán)力的深層影響,彌補了中國近代警察史研究的部分不足,也展現(xiàn)出了轉(zhuǎn)型階段城市社會的復(fù)雜面相。 北洋政府時期京師警察廳個案的研究顯示,警察職能的廣泛性,使警察的活動與市民生活的衣、食、住、行、用,甚至家庭內(nèi)部事務(wù)和個人道德等多方面產(chǎn)生密切聯(lián)系,使警察機構(gòu)成為與社會民眾聯(lián)系最為密切的官方機構(gòu)。警察為規(guī)范民眾社會生活制定了各項規(guī)章制度,這些規(guī)章制度對人們的行為總是有所限制,對于長期以來崇尚自我調(diào)控的城市居民來說,這些干預(yù)使他們感到諸多不便。加上處于初步發(fā)展階段的警察制度本身出現(xiàn)的一些問題,警察規(guī)章制度在具體執(zhí)行過程中遭遇不少困難,甚至有些方面還面臨著民眾的強烈指責和反對。但對于初步發(fā)展階段的近代警政來說,更為重要的是,警察因維護社會秩序、保護民眾安全以及提供大量的社會服務(wù)得到了社會民眾的基本認可,并通過不斷的努力加深了民眾對警察這一新生事物的認識。 京師警察廳職責廣泛,扮演著多種角色,承擔著多種任務(wù),這些任務(wù)在此之前由多個政府部門和一些非官方的地方組織和團體實施。警察機構(gòu)成立后,這些任務(wù)綜合由警察來承擔。這種由警察機構(gòu)包攬城市綜合管理的情況并不為北京所獨有,而是代表了20世紀初中國城市管理的一個發(fā)展趨勢。換句話說,這是當時時代所造成的特點。警察機構(gòu)職能的廣泛,與其說是由于在中國出現(xiàn)時間較短而發(fā)展不完善,不如說是適應(yīng)晚清以降城市近代化發(fā)展過程中綜合管理的實際需要。這種多重角色容易造成權(quán)限模糊,職責不清,在一定程度上還影響了警察的效率,但應(yīng)認識到,警察的出現(xiàn)對于處在向近代化發(fā)展過程中的中國城市具有非常重要的意義。雖為多重管理,但至少使中國的城市有了一個專門化的管理機構(gòu),這成為一種城市管理新方法,也反映了近代化進程中城市管理專業(yè)化的發(fā)展趨勢。另外,由于近代警政的發(fā)展,城市大的區(qū)域被劃分為單位更小的警區(qū)來進行直接管理,便產(chǎn)生了現(xiàn)代城市中“區(qū)”的概念,為后來城市引入現(xiàn)代化的“區(qū)”這個概念作為正式的基層行政單位奠定了基礎(chǔ),這也代表了現(xiàn)代化過程中城市管理的發(fā)展進步。 京師警察廳通過發(fā)揮多種職能,在當時的社會中扮演著多重角色,除了全方位地影響和規(guī)范了民眾社會生活外,還是政府進行社會控制的有力工具。警察在社會民眾生活中的滲透越大,控制的社會活動范圍也就越大,其社會約束力也就越強。北洋政府時期警察如此寬泛的職能,使得政府以維持社會秩序為名的強制性社會干預(yù)合法化了。同時,警察全方位地介入民眾社會生活也改變了傳統(tǒng)社會的控制方式,及傳統(tǒng)控制方式在民眾思想中根深蒂固的影響。更重要的是,由于警察的出現(xiàn),從城市開始,中國逐漸由一個“自助”管理式的社會轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋�由警察控制和社會生活受到種種條文約束的社會。警察權(quán)力來源于國家權(quán)力,警察控制面的擴大和滲透也就意味著國家控制權(quán)力逐漸深入到了城市民眾社會生活內(nèi)部。
[Abstract]:As the political center of the Qing government, Beijing is a political center of the Qing Dynasty. With the change of urban structure, especially the development of urban population and the expansion of its function, the urban life is increasingly rich and complex, and the traditional social order has gradually changed. The traditional control method is becoming more and more difficult to cope with the Boxer Movement in.1900 years. The invasion of the coalition forces of the eight countries directly led to the confusion of the original urban order and out of control of the society in Beijing. In order to maintain social order and stabilize the rule of the regime, the Qing government began to deal with the police in Beijing, imitated the modern police system in the West.
After Yuan Shikai took power, he paid great attention to the construction of Beijing police administration. On the basis of the general Hall of the foreign city patrols in the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Normal police hall was set up in the Qing Dynasty, which was specially responsible for the administrative affairs of the local police in the suburb of Beijing. The Beijing Normal police hall and its affiliated institutions were constantly adjusted and enriched, the working energy planning, the organization system, the personnel system and so on. All of them are more suited to the needs of the current situation and play an important role in maintaining the social order in Beijing.
As for the research on the related issues of police and administration, the academic circles pay attention to the functions of the police to maintain social security, but the functions of the police in the period of the Beiyang government are very different from the police functions of the Nanjing government and after the founding of new China. The most obvious difference is that the functions of the police are quite wide. As an example, the function of the Department of police and police was analyzed. In addition to the basic population management, public place management, dangerous goods management, traffic management, social atmosphere management, fire management and other public security affairs, it also participated in a large number of municipal affairs, such as real estate management, tax management, medical industry management and public health management, and even participated in a large number of affairs. In general, the Beijing Normal police office of the Beiyang government took three functions at the same time: maintaining local public security, carrying out urban management and carrying out charity assistance, and the three functions were equally important, and did not ignore the functions of the public security and ignored the municipal and charitable functions. In this period, the functions of the police are widely used, only a few scholars have briefly mentioned it in the study, and have not further analyzed the influence of this function according to the historical data. This paper, taking the newspapers, archives and periodicals as the basic historical materials, examined the multiple functions of the Beijing normal police hall in the period of the Beiyang government and analyzed this kind of job. The deep influence on the life of the people, the urban society and the power of the government has made up for the deficiency of the research on the history of the modern Chinese police and the complex face of the urban society at the transitional stage.
The study of the case of the police hall in the Beiyang government shows that the extensive police function makes the police activities closely related to the people's life, such as clothing, food, living, use, even internal affairs and personal morality, so that the police have become the most closely linked official organization with the public. Rules and regulations have been formulated in social life. These rules and regulations are always limited to people's behavior. These interventions have made them feel a lot of inconvenience to the city dwellers who have long advocated self-regulation. In the course of the process, there are many difficulties, and even some aspects are faced with the strong criticism and opposition of the people. But for the modern police administration in the initial stage of development, it is more important that the police have received the basic recognition of the social people for maintaining the social order, protecting the public security and providing a large number of social services, and through continuous efforts. It has deepened public awareness of the new police.
The police office has a wide range of responsibilities, playing a variety of roles and undertaking a variety of tasks. These tasks were carried out by a number of government departments and some unofficial local organizations and groups. After the establishment of the police agency, these tasks were carried out by the police. The situation of the comprehensive management of the city by the police is not for Beijing. It is unique, but represents a trend of urban management in China at the beginning of the twentieth Century. In other words, it is the characteristic of the time. The extensive function of the police agency is not so much as a short time in China, so it is better to adapt to the practical needs of the late Qing Dynasty in the process of reducing the modern development of the city. This multiplicity of roles can easily lead to blurred authority and unclear responsibility and to some extent affect the efficiency of the police, but it should be realized that the emergence of the police is of great significance to the Chinese cities in the process of modern development. As a new way of urban management, it also reflects the development trend of the specialization of urban management in the process of modernization. In addition, because of the development of modern police administration, the large area of the city is divided into smaller police areas to be managed directly, and the concept of "district" in the modern city is produced, and the modernization of the city is introduced to the later cities. The concept of "district" has laid the foundation for formal grass-roots administrative units, which also represents the development and progress of urban management in the process of modernization.
By playing a variety of functions and playing multiple roles in the society at that time, the police hall of the teachers' teachers' department has played a multiple role in the society at that time. In addition to affecting and standardizing the social life of the people in all directions, it is also a powerful tool for the government to carry out social control. The greater the penetration of the police in the life of the public, the greater the scope of the social activities controlled by the police and its social binding force as well. The stronger the power of the police in the period of the Beiyang government, the mandatory social intervention called by the government to maintain social order was legalized. At the same time, the full intervention of the police in the social life of the public has also changed the control mode of the traditional society and the deep-rooted influence of the traditional control mode in the people's thought. Since the emergence of the police, from the beginning of the city, China has gradually changed from a "self-help" management society to a society controlled by the police and social life by various provisions. The power of the police is derived from the power of the state. The expansion and infiltration of the control surface of the police means that the state's control power has gradually penetrated into the urban mass society. It's going to live inside.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K258

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 段銳;劉貝;;中國近代警政史研究綜述[J];江蘇警官學(xué)院學(xué)報;2013年01期

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本文編號：1900369