本文選題：南京國民政府 + 征地制度��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：征地制度的三大要件是：公共利益目的、公正的執(zhí)行程序、合理的地價補(bǔ)償。本文以這三個要件的形成和實踐為線索進(jìn)行分析中國征地制度及運(yùn)行情況。近代中國的征地制度是在歐洲、日本等國家的征地制度和土地改革潮流下,由中國社會改革家和學(xué)者共同推引和借鑒形成的,其形成目的主要是完成中國的土地改革和滿足公共建設(shè)用地。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,歐洲國家的征地制度基本形成,并在城市現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)和以土地制度轉(zhuǎn)型為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革中發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。作為世界潮流一部分的中國自然也選擇了此項制度。這個選擇過程既是中國自身發(fā)展的邏輯,也是為政者有意識選擇的結(jié)果,并對南京國民政府的土地改革產(chǎn)生重要影響。本文力圖從當(dāng)時世界土地制度變革的大背景出發(fā),通過分析孫中山的平均地權(quán)與征地制度的關(guān)系,各界對孫中山平均地權(quán)理論的認(rèn)識,探討征地制度的形成特點,并進(jìn)一步分析征地制度運(yùn)行的社會環(huán)境。 征地制度是政府為實現(xiàn)土地制度轉(zhuǎn)型、經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、法制現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)型選擇的一種方式。因此,在征地制度設(shè)計中,這三個方面又是相互融合的,現(xiàn)代化法制體系的構(gòu)建是土地制度轉(zhuǎn)型和經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的變現(xiàn)形式和執(zhí)行方法。實現(xiàn)“平均地權(quán)”和“耕者有其田”是南京國民政府解決土地問題的奮斗目標(biāo)。按照孫中山設(shè)計的實現(xiàn)“平均地權(quán)”路徑,南京國民政府在民法物權(quán)法中確定了土地產(chǎn)權(quán)私有的原則,并在土地法規(guī)和土地政策中形成了征地制度。但實際上,征地法規(guī)的出臺,最先解決的是城市土地問題,而在解決農(nóng)村土地問題上卻鮮有使用。征地制度的執(zhí)行雖然在當(dāng)時交通和公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用,但是因其執(zhí)行過程中的問題,即便是在征收土地非常多的城市,其所發(fā)揮的作用也是有限的。 近代中國現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)型的主要取向就是制度化,即通過法治化和規(guī)范化的過程使中國傳統(tǒng)的制度與世界發(fā)展潮流接軌,但并不是每一項制度的形成都能達(dá)到預(yù)期的目的。為了使土地改革順利進(jìn)行,國民政府組織了強(qiáng)大的專業(yè)智囊團(tuán),為其提供理論和實踐研究。然而這一學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)隊的分歧和爭論卻成為土地改革實施的障礙。 從征地制度的形成過程來看,征地制度中無論是對私權(quán)利還是對公權(quán)力的規(guī)定都比較完備,但再關(guān)照征地制度的運(yùn)行,幾乎是與其法律規(guī)定脫節(jié),不僅沒有將土地所有權(quán)制度改革進(jìn)行到底,而且還在征地過程中侵害民眾利益。其中既有國民政府缺乏強(qiáng)大的財政實力支持征地制度的運(yùn)行,也與南京國民政府在政治制度構(gòu)建時中央政府對地方控制力不足有密切關(guān)系。 本文雖然研究征地制度,但是卻將其放置于南京國民政府整個社會、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的大背景下,希望厘清征地制度運(yùn)行及產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng),弄清制約制度變遷的重要因素,為今天的征地制度改革提供一些借鑒經(jīng)驗。
[Abstract]:The three elements of land expropriation system are: public interest purpose, fair execution procedure and reasonable land price compensation. Based on the formation and practice of these three elements, this paper analyzes the land expropriation system and its operation in China. The land expropriation system in modern China was formed by Chinese social reformers and scholars under the trend of land expropriation and land reform in Europe, Japan and other countries. The purpose of its formation is mainly to complete the land reform in China and to meet the needs of public construction land. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the land expropriation system of European countries was basically formed. It has played a great role in the urban modernization construction and the economic system reform based on the transformation of land system. As part of the world trend, China naturally chose this system. This selection process is not only the logic of China's own development, but also the result of conscious choice for the politicians, and has an important impact on the land reform of the Nanjing National Government. Based on the background of the reform of the world land system at that time, this paper tries to analyze the relationship between the average land ownership of Sun Zhongshan and the land expropriation system, and to discuss the forming characteristics of the land expropriation system through the understanding of the theory of the average land right of the Sun Zhongshan from all walks of life. And further analysis of land expropriation system operation of the social environment. Land expropriation system is a way chosen by the government to realize the transformation of land system, economic modernization and legal modernization. Therefore, in the design of land expropriation system, these three aspects are mutually integrated, and the construction of modern legal system is the realization form and execution method of land system transformation and economic modernization construction. The goal of Nanjing National Government to solve the land problem is to realize the "average land rights" and "the tillers have their fields". According to the path of "average land ownership" designed by Sun Zhongshan, the Nanjing National Government established the principle of private ownership of land property right in the civil law of property rights, and formed the land expropriation system in the land laws and regulations and land policies. But in fact, land expropriation law is the first to solve the problem of urban land, but it is rarely used to solve the problem of rural land. Although the implementation of land expropriation system played an important role in traffic and public infrastructure construction at that time, it played a limited role because of the problems in its implementation process, even in cities with a very large land expropriation. The main orientation of modern China's modernization transformation is institutionalization, that is, through the process of rule by law and standardization, the traditional system of China is in line with the world trend of development, but not every institution can achieve the desired purpose. In order to carry out the land reform smoothly, the National Government organized a powerful professional think-tank to provide theoretical and practical research. However, the division and debate of this academic team has become an obstacle to the implementation of land reform. According to the forming process of land expropriation system, both the private right and the public power in the land expropriation system are relatively complete, but the operation of the land expropriation system is almost out of step with its legal provisions. Not only did not carry out the reform of land ownership system to the end, but also infringed the interests of the people in the process of land expropriation. Both the national government lacks the strong financial strength to support the operation of the land expropriation system, and it is closely related to the lack of local control by the central government when the political system is constructed by the Nanjing National Government. Although this paper studies the land expropriation system, it is placed in the background of the whole social, political and economic transformation of the Nanjing National Government, hoping to clarify the operation and effect of the land expropriation system and the important factors restricting the institutional change. For today's land expropriation system reform to provide some experience.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K262.9

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本文編號：1895211