本文選題：整風整社 + 開封專區(qū)��； 參考：《山東大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：新中國建立后至改革開放前,中共鄉(xiāng)村治理的基本線索可以說就是"以階級斗爭為綱"。這條線索的起點自然是土地改革運動,通過土改中的階級斗爭實踐,農村社會不僅實現(xiàn)了土地、財富的再分配,而且每個人的政治生活、文化生活和日常生活都與階級斗爭緊密地聯(lián)系在了一起。繼土改之后的農業(yè)合作化運動、人民公社化運動,由于缺少經(jīng)驗,產(chǎn)生了許多問題。為此,在中共中央的要求下,各地結合著整黨整風,對合作社、人民公社進行了長期的、時斷時續(xù)的整頓。在整風整社的過程中,有兩種思路一直在起著作用,一是階級斗爭,二是技術式整頓,在不同的階段,兩者往往交替居于主導地位。1962年,隨著以生產(chǎn)隊為基本核算單位的公社體制的確立,及中共八屆十中全會上階級斗爭的重提,農村整風整社融入到了新的"四清"運動中,中共鄉(xiāng)村治理的模式幾乎完全為階級斗爭所取代。因此,可以說,農村整風整社運動是改革開放前中共"以階級斗爭為綱"鄉(xiāng)村治理鏈條上的重要環(huán)節(jié)。相對于土改、"四清"的研究而言,學界對農村整風整社的關注度不高,原因可能有兩點:一是這一運動的影響不及土改、"四清";二是整風整社持續(xù)時間長、時斷時續(xù),中央文件對此記載不甚清晰,做全國層面的系統(tǒng)梳理有一定難度。為此,本文以河南省開封專區(qū)為中心,利用當?shù)刎S富的檔案資料,考察了 1958一1962年人民公社時期整風整社運動在專區(qū)范圍內的開展過程。研究的需要,文章對開封專區(qū)合作化時期的整風整社也做了論述。合作化時期開封專區(qū)對初級農業(yè)社的整頓有1955年春、1956年春兩次,對高級農業(yè)社的整頓有4次,分別在1956年春、1956年秋、1956年底至1957年初、1957年冬至1958年春。其主要特點是:運動主要由基層黨委領導,工作隊起輔助作用;強調整黨、整團、整社的一致性;重視對三類社的改造。1958—1962年人民公社時期開封專區(qū)農村整風整社運動大致分為5個階段:第一階段1958年8月到10月,整風整社主要是通過大鳴、大放、大辯論的方法,批判"右傾"保守思想,為貫徹"大躍進"、人民公社化等"左"傾方針服務,同時對人民公社的所有制、經(jīng)營管理、公共食堂等問題,進行了一些初步的研究和試驗。第二階段1958年11月至1959年7月,即第一次鄭州會議到廬山會議前,整風整社主要是貫徹糾"左"政策,開展針對"共產(chǎn)風"的清算舊賬工作。第三階段1959年11月至1960年3月,即廬山會議后的近半年時間里,整風整社以貫徹"反右傾"為中心,先從農村黨員干部整風開始,接著以社會主義教育的形式擴展到了全體農村人口中。第四階段1960年4月至1961年3月,整風整社主要是整肅農村干部,大致以1960年11月"十二條"的下發(fā)為界,前段以改造"三類隊"和開展"三反"為主要內容,后段以開展"民主革命補課"和反"五風"為主要內容。第五階段1961年4月至1962年10月,整風整社以貫徹《農業(yè)60條》為主,內容上包括調整社隊規(guī)模、民主辦社、小隊核算、甄別平反等。通過對人民公社時期開封專區(qū)農村整風整社運動的考察,本文認為:首先,開封地委對不同階段整風整社運動的部署,基本遵循中共中央的思路,階級斗爭與技術式整頓交替居于主導地位。在以階級斗爭為主的時段,專區(qū)內下級機關往往會迎合上級,制造一些階級斗爭形勢緊張的虛假材料,從而使運動有種錯誤放大化的效應。其次,開封專區(qū)1960年4月至1961年3月的整風整社是按照毛澤東"兩類矛盾"理論進行的。在運動開始前,先劃清"敵我",在社隊中按問題的嚴重程度分出一、二、三類,然后在所謂"敵人掌權"的三類社隊重劃階級成分、成立貧下中農階級組織,開展奪權斗爭,對疑似有問題的干部采取集特訓的方式處理。這些做法都延續(xù)到了"四清"運動時期。另外,"四清"運動中一個非常重要的概念,即"走資本主義道路當權派",其提法的雛形就是在此階段整風整社中孕育的。因此,可以說此階段的整風整社就是"四清"運動的前奏。最后,受"大躍進"中開封、商丘兩專區(qū)合并的影響,兩地干部存在競爭性的派系結構,從而使整風整社運動在開封專區(qū)的"地方化"轉換方面呈現(xiàn)出一定的復雜性。
[Abstract]:Before the establishment of the new China, the basic clue of the rural governance of the Communist Party of China before the reform and opening up could be said to be "class struggle". The starting point of this clue is the movement of land reform. Through the practice of class struggle in the soil reform, the rural society not only realized the land and the redistribution of wealth, but also the political life, cultural life and day of each person. The ordinary life has been closely linked with class struggle. Following the movement of agricultural cooperation after the land reform, the movement of the people's commune, because of lack of experience, has produced many problems. For this reason, under the request of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China, the whole party is combined with the rectification and rectification of the party, the cooperative and the people's commune has been reorganized for a long time and continuously. In the process of society, there are two kinds of ideas that have been playing a role, one is class struggle, and the two is technical rectification. In different stages, the two often alternate in the dominant position of.1962 years. With the establishment of the commune system with the production team as the basic accounting unit and the reintegration of the Chinese Communist Party's upper class struggle in the tenth Plenary Session of the 8th CPC Central Committee, the rural rectification and social integration into the society is integrated into the society. In the new "four Qing" movement, the mode of rural governance of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China is almost completely replaced by class struggle. Therefore, it can be said that the rural rectification movement is an important link in the rural governance chain of the Communist Party of China before the reform and opening up. In relation to the soil reform, the study of the "four Qing" is concerned with the attention degree of the rural rectification and rectification society. Not high, there may be two reasons: one is that the influence of this movement is not as good as soil reform, "four Qing"; two is the long duration of the rectification movement, and the central document is not very clear about this record. It is difficult to make a systematic combing of the national level. Therefore, this article takes the Kaifeng special area in Henan as the center, and makes use of the rich local archives to inspect it. The process of carrying out the rectification movement in the area of the period of the people's commune during the period of 1958 1962. The needs of the study. The article also discussed the rectification society during the cooperation period of the Kaifeng special area. The reorganization of the Kaifeng special area to the primary agricultural society in the period of cooperation was in the spring of 1955, the two in the spring of 1956, and 4 times for the rectification of the advanced agricultural society, respectively, in 195. In the spring of 6 years, the autumn of 1956, the end of 1956 to the beginning of 1957, and the winter to the spring of 1958 in 1957. The main features are that the movement is mainly led by the Party committee of the grass-roots party and the work team plays an auxiliary role; it emphasizes the unity of the whole party, the whole group and the whole society; the reform of the rural rectification movement in the Kaifeng special area of the people's commune during the period of the people's commune is roughly divided into 5 orders in the transformation of the three types of society.1958. Section 1: the first stage from August 1958 to October, the rectification and rectification of the society is mainly through the method of great resonance, great release and great debate, criticizing the conservative thought of "right leaning", serving the "left" policy of "the great leap forward", the people's Commune and so on. At the same time, some preliminary studies and experiments have been carried out on the ownership, management and public dining hall of the people's commune, second From November 1958 to July 1959, the first Zhengzhou conference to the Mount Lu meeting, the rectification movement was mainly to carry out the "left" policy and carry out the old accounts for the "Communist wind". In the third phase from November 1959 to March 1960, in the nearly half year after the Mount Lu meeting, the rectification movement was carried out in the "anti right deviation" as the center, first from the rural party. In the fourth stage from April 1960 to March 1961, the rectification movement was mainly to purge rural cadres, roughly in the decline of "twelve" in November 1960, and the first paragraph was to reform "three types of teams" and "three counter" as the main content, and the latter part carried out "democracy". The main content of the "revolution" and "the five wind" was "the fifth stage" from April 1961 to October 1962. The rectification movement was carried out in order to carry out the "60 agriculture". The content included the adjustment of the scale of the community, the Democratic office, the small team accounting, the screening and the reverse, and so on. Through the investigation of the rural rectification movement in the Kaifeng special area of the people's commune, this article holds that first, Kaifeng The Land Commission's deployment of the rectification movement in different stages basically follows the thought of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the leading position of the class struggle and the technical rectifying. In the period of class struggle, the lower level organs in the district often cater to the superiors and make some false materials that are tense in the class struggle, thus making the movement a mistake. Secondly, the rectification movement of the Kaifeng special area from April 1960 to March 1961 was carried out according to Mao Zedong's theory of "two types of contradictions". Before the start of the movement, the "enemy and the enemy" were first cleared up, and one, two, and three categories were divided in the community according to the seriousness of the problem, and then the class elements were reclassified and the middle peasants were set up in the so-called "enemy power" group and the poor middle peasants were set up. The class organization, carrying out the struggle for power to seize power, took a special training approach to the suspected cadres. These practices were extended to the period of the "four Qing" movement. In addition, a very important concept in the "four Qing" movement, namely "taking the capitalist road to power", was conceived in this stage. The rectification movement in this stage is the prelude to the "four Qing" movement. Finally, influenced by the Kaifeng in the great leap forward and the merger of the two area of Shangqiu, the cadres of the two regions have a competitive factional structure, which makes the rectification movement in the area of the Kaifeng special area a certain complexity.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K27

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本文編號：1824708