本文關鍵詞： 江蘇民眾教育館 基層社會改造 現代化 南京國民政府　出處：《蘇州大學》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：民眾教育館是南京國民政府時期由政府建立并主導的一種社會教育機構。它與學校教育有別，是在城鄉(xiāng)廣泛設立的、面向社會民眾、實施社會教育的“中心機關”和“綜合機關”。1928年，江蘇首先建立民眾教育館，隨后逐漸由城市擴展至鄉(xiāng)村，對基層民眾進行比較全面的現代化改造。1937年抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，江蘇民眾教育館或停閉或遷移，，受戰(zhàn)爭的影響，事業(yè)基本停頓。 在1928～1937年的十年間，江蘇民眾教育館先后致力于改良民眾文化、改善民眾生計、塑造公民觀念的社會改造活動。江蘇民眾教育館建立之初，對基層社會的現代化改造，主要著眼于舉辦識字教育；到了20世紀30年代初，鑒于民眾生計的凋敝，事業(yè)的重心轉移至生計指導方面；1935年以后，隨著現代化建設的深入和民族危機的加深，江蘇民眾教育館對基層社會的改造以塑造公民觀念為中心。整體而言，江蘇民眾教育館改良民眾文化具有基礎性和教育性的特點，改善民眾生計具有應急性和指導性的特點，塑造公民觀念具有草根性和社會性的特點�？傮w上看，社會改造活動取得了一定的成效。不僅如此，江蘇民眾教育館模式，還曾作為“范例”被推向全國，產生了極大的社會影響。作為南京國民政府時期推行時間最長的一種官方改造模式，在政府基層力量捉襟見肘的環(huán)境下，曾被政府賦予在基層社會的“權威”角色，這樣的角色便利了它自上而下強勢推動現代化改造，在提高民眾的文化素質、改善民眾的生存狀態(tài)、追求基層社會自治、傳播現代文明理念等方面，發(fā)揮了積極作用。此外，學術界一般認為，抗戰(zhàn)之前，政府的權力所能達到的邊界止于縣級，縣以下的控制只能通過民間力量間接實現，然而江蘇民眾教育館模式表明，民眾教育館以其“權威”角色，在一定程度上填補了政府對基層社會的管理“缺位”。 當然，由于政治環(huán)境、國民素質以及民眾教育館自身存在的缺陷等因素，江蘇民眾教育館的社會改造活動，也不可避免地受到一定的制約，影響其績效。而且，這種官方色彩的改造模式，用“制度變遷”理論觀察，其興其衰，其實很大程度上受制于政府的態(tài)度。再者，這種改造模式是以現存政治經濟制度的合理性為前提的，屬于改良主義的模式，其對基層社會的現代化改造，必然具有歷史的局限性。不過，它雖然最終因政府不斷地高度集權所導致的現代化終結而破產，但是這并不能抹殺它對江蘇乃至全國現代化改造探索的歷史性貢獻。
[Abstract]:The Museum of popular Education is a kind of social educational institution established and dominated by the government during the period of Nanjing National Government. It is different from school education and is widely set up in urban and rural areas, facing the public. The "central organs" and "comprehensive organs" for implementing social education. In 1928, Jiangsu first established the popular Education Museum, then gradually expanded from the city to the countryside to modernize the grassroots people in a more comprehensive way. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan in 1937, Jiangsu popular Education Museum or closed or relocated, affected by the war, the cause of the basic standstill. During the ten years from 1928 to 1937, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum has devoted itself to the social reform activities of improving the people's culture, improving the livelihood of the people and shaping the concept of citizens. At the beginning of the establishment of the Jiangsu popular Education Museum, the modernization of the grass-roots society was reformed. By the beginning of 1930s, in view of the decline in the livelihood of the population, the focus of the cause had shifted to livelihood guidance; after 1935, with the deepening of modernization and the deepening of the national crisis, The transformation of the grass-roots society by the Jiangsu popular Education Museum is centered on shaping the concept of citizenship. As a whole, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum has the basic and educational characteristics of improving the people's culture, and the improvement of the people's livelihood has the characteristics of urgency and guidance. Shaping the concept of citizenship has the characteristics of grass roots and sociality. On the whole, social reform activities have achieved certain results. Not only that, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum model has also been pushed to the whole country as a "model". As one of the longest official transformation models in the period of Nanjing National Government, the government had been entrusted with the role of "authority" in the grassroots society under the environment where the grassroots forces of the government were overstretched. Such a role facilitates its efforts from the top down to propel modernization, and it plays a positive role in improving the people's cultural quality, improving the people's living conditions, pursuing grass-roots social autonomy, spreading the concept of modern civilization, and so on. Academic circles generally believe that before the War of Resistance against Japan, the government's power ended at the county level, and the control below the county level could only be indirectly realized through civilian forces. However, the model of Jiangsu popular Education Museum shows that the popular Education Museum has its "authoritative" role. To a certain extent, the government to fill the grass-roots social management "vacancy." Of course, due to the political environment, the quality of the people and the defects of the mass education museum itself, the social reform activities of the Jiangsu popular Education Museum are inevitably restricted to some extent, affecting its performance. This kind of transformation mode of official color, observed from the theory of "institutional change", is, to a large extent, subject to the attitude of the government. Moreover, this transformation mode is premised on the rationality of the existing political and economic system. The model of reformism, which is bound to have historical limitations on the modernization transformation of the grassroots society, however, eventually went bankrupt because of the end of modernization caused by the government's constant high degree of centralization. However, this does not negate its historic contribution to the exploration of modernization transformation in Jiangsu and even the whole country.
【學位授予單位】：蘇州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K263;G529

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 馮筱才;;形塑黨國:1930年代浙江省電影教育運動[J];華東師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版);2013年05期

本文編號：1539891