世界交往新潮與中國主動走向世界機(jī)遇的錯失：1760—1840
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-09 13:03
【摘要】： 當(dāng)今世界是一個開放的世界，各個民族國家都彼此聯(lián)系，不斷鞏固和發(fā)展著相互間的交往，世界正逐漸朝整體化的方向發(fā)展。西方史學(xué)界自20世紀(jì)70年代以來就一直十分關(guān)注這一問題，諸多經(jīng)典名著紛紛問世，如斯塔夫里阿諾斯的《全球通史》、《全球分裂》，巴勒克拉夫的《泰晤士世界歷史地圖集》，沃勒斯坦的《現(xiàn)代世界體系》以及克拉克主編的《新編劍橋近代史》等等。然而，如運(yùn)用全球史觀來考察近代的中國，特別是考察中國在近代由盛而衰的轉(zhuǎn)化歷程，卻鮮有著述。筆者認(rèn)為，盡管中國史方面的專家學(xué)者們從中國自身或由內(nèi)而外地對此進(jìn)行了研究和探討，并已成果豐碩，倘若變換視角，從近代世界的整體來看中國，應(yīng)該還會得到一些新的收獲。在全球一體化趨勢如火如荼的今天，回首200年前世界與中國的歷史互動歷程，對我們把握時代脈搏，緊跟世界潮流，有很好的借鑒作用。 筆者的論文主要以1760—1840年的世界交往新潮作為支點(diǎn)，考察生產(chǎn)力和交往的雙向互動中，中國社會主動走向世界的機(jī)遇以及在機(jī)遇面前做出的選擇。1760—1840年間，史稱“雙元革命”的工業(yè)革命和歐美資產(chǎn)階級世界革命，是生產(chǎn)力和世界交往雙向互動的結(jié)果。它們實(shí)現(xiàn)了世界交往的新突破，改造了原有的資本主義世界體系，西方各國加快了走向中國的步伐。這既是資本主義世界體系向封建時代的超級大帝國的挑戰(zhàn)，也給中國帶來了主動參與世界交往的機(jī)遇。此時的中國面臨著歷史選擇，在傳統(tǒng)的“華夷秩序”交往圈內(nèi)，如何加強(qiáng)尚處優(yōu)勢的影響力；在中西經(jīng)濟(jì)交往中，如何利用貿(mào)易順差地位；在雙方的政治交往中，如何與主動?xùn)|米的西方使節(jié)進(jìn)行對話；此外，隨著西方對中國文化由熱切渴望轉(zhuǎn)向理性思考，世界交往表現(xiàn)出了中國文化客觀、冷靜的態(tài)度，一切都有利于中國主動地參與到世界交往之中。但清帝國的統(tǒng)治者固守傳統(tǒng)交往理念原則，采取閉關(guān)政策逆行于世界交往潮流。歷史選擇的失誤造成了中國在短短80年時間內(nèi)迅速衰落，喪失了主動參與世界交往的最后機(jī)遇。與此同時，世界卻加快了走向中國的步伐，直至完全取得同中國交往的主動權(quán)，導(dǎo)致中國封建時代的世界強(qiáng)國淪為資本主義世界體系的附庸。 以上是筆者文章的主要論題及結(jié)論。在整個考察過程中，唯物業(yè)觀中的“交往”理論一直作為理論分析的依據(jù)。是將“交往”理論引入歷史研究實(shí)踐之中的大膽嘗試。關(guān)于世界交往與世界歷史關(guān)系，吳于廑先生在《中國大百科全書·外國歷史卷》的“世界歷史”辭條中作了較為詳盡的總體上的表述。國內(nèi)史學(xué)界有關(guān)“世界交往”的論著不多，夏誠的《近代世界整體觀》主要對近代世界交往體系作了簡明的論述，陳雄章的《交往與世界歷史變遷—18世紀(jì)世界歷史橫向發(fā)展透視》一書則在考察18世紀(jì)的世界交往的同時，把視角移向這了一時期的中國。這些著述都令筆者在理論修養(yǎng)和研究方法上受益匪淺。于是，筆者在考察近代中國社會歷史時，敢于跳出傳統(tǒng)的思維模式和視角，由世界的整體來窺探中國，從中透視近代中國驟然由盛而衰的原因。由于不論在中國史方面，還是在世界史方面都知之甚少，功力尚淺，其中的謬誤、遺漏必定不少。只是出于拋磚引玉之心，還請各位方家不吝賜教。
[Abstract]:The world is an open world, and all ethnic groups are in contact with each other and constantly consolidate and develop their interaction with each other, and the world is gradually developing in the direction of integration. The western history of history has been very concerned about this problem since the 1970s, and many of the classic famous works have come out, such as the Global History of General History of Stavrianos, the Global division of the world, and the World History Atlas of the World History of the Republic of Quebec. Wallerstein's" Modern World System "and" New Cambridge Modern History ", edited by Clark, and so on. However, such as using the global view of history to study the modern China, especially to look at the transformation of China in modern times, it has few writings. The author holds that, in spite of the research and discussion of the scholars and scholars in the history of China from China itself or from the outside, it has made great achievements, and if the angle of transformation is changed from the whole to the whole of the modern world, some new gains should be obtained. Today, the trend of global integration, such as the fire of fire, will return to the history and interaction of the world and China in the first 200 years. It is a good reference for us to grasp the pulse of the times and follow the trend of the world. The author's thesis mainly takes the world communication trend of 1760 to 1840 as the fulcrum, and studies the two-way interaction of productivity and communication, the opportunity of the Chinese society to go to the world and the choice made in the face of the opportunity. In the period of 60 to 1840, the industrial revolution of the "two-yuan revolution" and the world revolution of the European and American bourgeoisie were the productive forces and the world As a result of the two-way interaction, they realized the new breakthrough of the world's communication, transformed the original capitalist world system, and the western countries It is not only the challenge of the capitalist world system to the super-large empires of the feudal times, but also to China The opportunity to participate in the world communication. At this time, China is faced with the historical choice, how to strengthen the influence of the superior advantage in the traditional "the order of Hua Yi" communication circle, how to make use of the status of the trade surplus in the economic exchanges between the two countries, and how to work with the west of the active Dongmi in the political exchanges between the two countries in addition, with that desire of the West to turn to the rational thinking of Chinese culture, the world's communication shows the objective and dispassionate attitude of Chinese culture, which is in favor of China's initiative In the world, the rulers of the Qing Empire, in keeping with the principle of the traditional concept of communication, take a close policy. The mistake of history choice has caused the rapid decline of China in just 80 years, and lost its active participation At the same time, the world has accelerated the pace of China, and the world power of China's feudal times was reduced to capital. The client of the system of the doctrine of the world. The above is the main thesis and conclusion of the author's article. The theory has always been the basis for theoretical analysis. The "k> theory is a bold attempt in the practice of historical research. With regard to the relationship between the world and the world, Mr. Wu is in the" World History " is a more detailed and general expression in the article. There are not much debate on the "world communication" in the history of the country, and the whole view of the whole world is the whole view of the modern world. > It mainly discusses the communication system of the modern world, and the relationship between Chen and the world and the change of the world's history in the 18th century are the perspective of the development of the world's history. At the same time, the angle of view is shifted to the Chinese of this period. The author has greatly benefited from the theoretical cultivation and the research method. So, the author has dared to jump out of the traditional mode of thinking and the angle of view in the study of the history of the modern Chinese society, and it is the whole of the world to snoop The reason for China's sudden decline in the history of China from the perspective of the history of China has been known in the history of China, or in the history of the world. Less, the power is still shallow, the fallacy, the omission must be not many. It's just
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2000
【分類號】：K249
本文編號：2495575
[Abstract]:The world is an open world, and all ethnic groups are in contact with each other and constantly consolidate and develop their interaction with each other, and the world is gradually developing in the direction of integration. The western history of history has been very concerned about this problem since the 1970s, and many of the classic famous works have come out, such as the Global History of General History of Stavrianos, the Global division of the world, and the World History Atlas of the World History of the Republic of Quebec. Wallerstein's" Modern World System "and" New Cambridge Modern History ", edited by Clark, and so on. However, such as using the global view of history to study the modern China, especially to look at the transformation of China in modern times, it has few writings. The author holds that, in spite of the research and discussion of the scholars and scholars in the history of China from China itself or from the outside, it has made great achievements, and if the angle of transformation is changed from the whole to the whole of the modern world, some new gains should be obtained. Today, the trend of global integration, such as the fire of fire, will return to the history and interaction of the world and China in the first 200 years. It is a good reference for us to grasp the pulse of the times and follow the trend of the world. The author's thesis mainly takes the world communication trend of 1760 to 1840 as the fulcrum, and studies the two-way interaction of productivity and communication, the opportunity of the Chinese society to go to the world and the choice made in the face of the opportunity. In the period of 60 to 1840, the industrial revolution of the "two-yuan revolution" and the world revolution of the European and American bourgeoisie were the productive forces and the world As a result of the two-way interaction, they realized the new breakthrough of the world's communication, transformed the original capitalist world system, and the western countries It is not only the challenge of the capitalist world system to the super-large empires of the feudal times, but also to China The opportunity to participate in the world communication. At this time, China is faced with the historical choice, how to strengthen the influence of the superior advantage in the traditional "the order of Hua Yi" communication circle, how to make use of the status of the trade surplus in the economic exchanges between the two countries, and how to work with the west of the active Dongmi in the political exchanges between the two countries in addition, with that desire of the West to turn to the rational thinking of Chinese culture, the world's communication shows the objective and dispassionate attitude of Chinese culture, which is in favor of China's initiative In the world, the rulers of the Qing Empire, in keeping with the principle of the traditional concept of communication, take a close policy. The mistake of history choice has caused the rapid decline of China in just 80 years, and lost its active participation At the same time, the world has accelerated the pace of China, and the world power of China's feudal times was reduced to capital. The client of the system of the doctrine of the world. The above is the main thesis and conclusion of the author's article. The theory has always been the basis for theoretical analysis. The "k> theory is a bold attempt in the practice of historical research. With regard to the relationship between the world and the world, Mr. Wu is in the" World History " is a more detailed and general expression in the article. There are not much debate on the "world communication" in the history of the country, and the whole view of the whole world is the whole view of the modern world. > It mainly discusses the communication system of the modern world, and the relationship between Chen and the world and the change of the world's history in the 18th century are the perspective of the development of the world's history. At the same time, the angle of view is shifted to the Chinese of this period. The author has greatly benefited from the theoretical cultivation and the research method. So, the author has dared to jump out of the traditional mode of thinking and the angle of view in the study of the history of the modern Chinese society, and it is the whole of the world to snoop The reason for China's sudden decline in the history of China from the perspective of the history of China has been known in the history of China, or in the history of the world. Less, the power is still shallow, the fallacy, the omission must be not many. It's just
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2000
【分類號】：K249
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相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條
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