先秦時(shí)代的“君子”與“小人”
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-20 09:37
【摘要】： 先秦時(shí)期的“君子”、“小人”和我們現(xiàn)在理解的意義完全不同,這對(duì)概念經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)非常深刻的發(fā)展變化過(guò)程。 通過(guò)對(duì)出土文獻(xiàn)、傳世文獻(xiàn)的考察,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)春秋中期前,“君子”、“小人”一詞,僅用作對(duì)兩大人群身份的描述�！熬印奔粗附y(tǒng)治者,包括天子、國(guó)君、大小貴族和各級(jí)官吏等。“小人”指被統(tǒng)治者——?jiǎng)趧?dòng)階層、庶民百姓。這是古代傳統(tǒng)意義上的“君子”、“小人”的內(nèi)涵。 春秋中后期,君子、小人概念的傳統(tǒng)涵義雖然還在使用,但出現(xiàn)了與傳統(tǒng)概念本質(zhì)不同的新內(nèi)容:即君子概念開(kāi)始承擔(dān)道德與文化素質(zhì)訴求。這個(gè)深刻的新因素呈現(xiàn)出頑強(qiáng)、鮮活的生命力。小人概念的變化保持了與君子概念的一致性。 戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,《易傳》明確而正式地提出了“君子之德”,不僅如此,君子概念內(nèi)涵在本質(zhì)意義上也獲得了深刻地、跨越式發(fā)展。“君子”基本成為一種道德人格存在,與人的出身已經(jīng)沒(méi)有必然聯(lián)系。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)概念,此時(shí)“君子”已非彼時(shí)“君子”,完成了時(shí)代性的“托古改制”——借助舊形式表達(dá)了新的內(nèi)容。君子概念的新含義向我們傳遞的是一種新的思潮和一種革新精神,即作為社會(huì)精英的“君子”應(yīng)當(dāng)由道德、才干突出的精神貴族構(gòu)成,憑借個(gè)人素質(zhì)獲得社會(huì)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位,獲得“君子”的稱(chēng)號(hào)和地位,而不再以出身論“君子”。特定的語(yǔ)言概念是特定思想的載體,戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代的君子概念傳遞給我們的是那個(gè)時(shí)代的精神主題。語(yǔ)言概念的變化反映出新思想生成,反饋出當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的深層變化。 “君子”、“小人”從最初作為指代人們身份地位的概念,到春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代成為包含個(gè)人道德品格、才干的人格范疇,這個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的變化具有劃時(shí)代意義。首先,歷史由傳統(tǒng)的貴族制時(shí)代向官僚制時(shí)代的演變推動(dòng)了君子概念的演變;貴族時(shí)代的身份性“君子”,在時(shí)代的呼喚和要求下,發(fā)展成長(zhǎng)為官僚制時(shí)代的德才兼?zhèn)涞男隆熬印?所以,“君子”、“小人”概念的變化是歷史時(shí)代變化的產(chǎn)物。其次,這對(duì)概念的變遷反映出先秦文化中第一次“人”的覺(jué)醒,人的作用、人的責(zé)任和人的力量被突出,人的精神價(jià)值得到尊重,擁有美好道德、才干的人受到尊重。 另外,《論語(yǔ)》以“君子”人格為依托,提出了“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”這一時(shí)代性光輝命題,主張每個(gè)人無(wú)論出身貴賤,都有受教育的權(quán)利,在原則上都有機(jī)會(huì)成長(zhǎng)為新時(shí)代的“君子”,進(jìn)入社會(huì)上層;以“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”為開(kāi)端的學(xué)術(shù)文化下移和普及,反饋出中國(guó)古代文化的平民化走向,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)和后世影響深遠(yuǎn)。這也是“君子”、“小人”概念變遷透露出的另一大文化信息。
[Abstract]:The meaning of "gentleman" and "villain" in the pre-Qin period is completely different from the meaning we understand now, which has experienced a very profound process of development and change of the concept. Through the investigation of unearthed documents and handed down documents, we find that before the middle of Spring and Autumn period, the words "gentleman" and "villain" are only used to describe the identity of the two groups. "gentleman" refers to rulers, including the son of Heaven, monarchs, aristocrats and officials at all levels. "villain" refers to the ruler-the working class, the common people. This is the connotation of "gentleman" and "villain" in the traditional sense of ancient times. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, although the traditional meaning of the concept of gentleman and villain is still in use, there is a new content which is different from the essence of the traditional concept: the concept of gentleman begins to undertake the demand of moral and cultural quality. This profound new factor shows tenacious and fresh vitality. The change of the concept of villain maintains the consistency with the concept of gentleman. During the warring States period, Yi Zhuan clearly and formally put forward "the morality of the gentleman". Not only that, the connotation of the concept of the gentleman also achieved profound and leapfrog development in the essence. Gentleman has basically become a kind of moral personality, which is no longer necessarily related to the origin of human beings. Compared with the traditional concept, the "gentleman" is no longer the "gentleman" at that time, and completes the reform of the times-expressing the new content with the help of the old form. The new meaning of the concept of gentleman conveys to us a new trend of thought and an innovative spirit, that is, the "gentleman", as the social elite, should be composed of moral and talented spiritual aristocrats, and obtain the position of social superiority by virtue of their personal quality. Get the title and status of "gentleman", but no longer talk about "gentleman" by being a gentleman. The specific concept of language is the carrier of specific ideas, and the concept of gentleman in the warring States period conveys to us the spiritual theme of that era. The change of language concept reflects the generation of new ideas and feedback the deep changes of society at that time. From the concept of "gentleman" and "villain", which originally refers to the status of people, to the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, it has become a personality category containing personal moral character and talent. This creative change is of epoch-making significance. First of all, the evolution of history from the traditional aristocratic era to the bureaucratic era promoted the evolution of the concept of gentleman. Under the call and requirement of the times, the identity "gentleman" of aristocratic times developed into a new "gentleman" with both virtue and talent in the era of bureaucracy. Therefore, the change of the concepts of "gentleman" and "villain" is the product of the change of historical times. Secondly, the change of concept reflects the awakening of the first "human" in the pre-Qin culture, the role of human beings, human responsibility and human strength, the respect of human spiritual value, and the respect of people with good morality and talents. In addition, the Analects of Confucius, based on the personality of the "gentleman", puts forward the brilliant proposition of "teaching without class", which holds that everyone, regardless of their origin, has the right to education. In principle, they all have the opportunity to grow into the "gentleman" of the new era and enter the upper echelons of society. The downward shift and popularization of academic culture, which begins with "teaching without class", feedback the civilian trend of ancient Chinese culture, which has a profound impact on the then and future generations. This is also "gentleman", "villain" concept change revealed another major cultural information.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K221
本文編號(hào)：2481555
[Abstract]:The meaning of "gentleman" and "villain" in the pre-Qin period is completely different from the meaning we understand now, which has experienced a very profound process of development and change of the concept. Through the investigation of unearthed documents and handed down documents, we find that before the middle of Spring and Autumn period, the words "gentleman" and "villain" are only used to describe the identity of the two groups. "gentleman" refers to rulers, including the son of Heaven, monarchs, aristocrats and officials at all levels. "villain" refers to the ruler-the working class, the common people. This is the connotation of "gentleman" and "villain" in the traditional sense of ancient times. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, although the traditional meaning of the concept of gentleman and villain is still in use, there is a new content which is different from the essence of the traditional concept: the concept of gentleman begins to undertake the demand of moral and cultural quality. This profound new factor shows tenacious and fresh vitality. The change of the concept of villain maintains the consistency with the concept of gentleman. During the warring States period, Yi Zhuan clearly and formally put forward "the morality of the gentleman". Not only that, the connotation of the concept of the gentleman also achieved profound and leapfrog development in the essence. Gentleman has basically become a kind of moral personality, which is no longer necessarily related to the origin of human beings. Compared with the traditional concept, the "gentleman" is no longer the "gentleman" at that time, and completes the reform of the times-expressing the new content with the help of the old form. The new meaning of the concept of gentleman conveys to us a new trend of thought and an innovative spirit, that is, the "gentleman", as the social elite, should be composed of moral and talented spiritual aristocrats, and obtain the position of social superiority by virtue of their personal quality. Get the title and status of "gentleman", but no longer talk about "gentleman" by being a gentleman. The specific concept of language is the carrier of specific ideas, and the concept of gentleman in the warring States period conveys to us the spiritual theme of that era. The change of language concept reflects the generation of new ideas and feedback the deep changes of society at that time. From the concept of "gentleman" and "villain", which originally refers to the status of people, to the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, it has become a personality category containing personal moral character and talent. This creative change is of epoch-making significance. First of all, the evolution of history from the traditional aristocratic era to the bureaucratic era promoted the evolution of the concept of gentleman. Under the call and requirement of the times, the identity "gentleman" of aristocratic times developed into a new "gentleman" with both virtue and talent in the era of bureaucracy. Therefore, the change of the concepts of "gentleman" and "villain" is the product of the change of historical times. Secondly, the change of concept reflects the awakening of the first "human" in the pre-Qin culture, the role of human beings, human responsibility and human strength, the respect of human spiritual value, and the respect of people with good morality and talents. In addition, the Analects of Confucius, based on the personality of the "gentleman", puts forward the brilliant proposition of "teaching without class", which holds that everyone, regardless of their origin, has the right to education. In principle, they all have the opportunity to grow into the "gentleman" of the new era and enter the upper echelons of society. The downward shift and popularization of academic culture, which begins with "teaching without class", feedback the civilian trend of ancient Chinese culture, which has a profound impact on the then and future generations. This is also "gentleman", "villain" concept change revealed another major cultural information.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K221
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