宋代城池建設(shè)研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-05-20 07:12
【摘要】： 城墻是城市的外圍結(jié)構(gòu),是城市的主要防御體系,是城池建設(shè)的中心。有宋一代的城池修筑政策,受內(nèi)政、外交、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多方面因素的影響而處于變動調(diào)整之中。宋初,懲五代割據(jù)之弊,實行局部毀城、京師修城的“強(qiáng)干弱枝”政策,以太宗時期為最。隨著宋與遼、夏關(guān)系的緊張,邊地修城成為北宋城墻管理政策的主流。南宋時進(jìn)一步加大了城墻修筑的力度,但對地方中小城市則堅持實際不修城墻的政策。宋代在對修城利弊的爭論中,支持者或認(rèn)為應(yīng)以城墻對抗騎兵,或認(rèn)為應(yīng)加強(qiáng)地方治安防范；反對方則認(rèn)為“在德不在險”,修城會授敵以口實、加重民眾負(fù)擔(dān)、導(dǎo)致兵力分散。 城池規(guī)劃圖是修筑城墻的依據(jù),是中央有關(guān)部門檢查城墻修筑質(zhì)量以及修筑費(fèi)用的最重要憑據(jù),是中央了解地方城池規(guī)劃的重要信息來源。宋代城池修筑牽涉的部門很多,中央機(jī)構(gòu)包括樞密院、戶部、工部、兵部等部門,但主要職能部門是工部。地方所有行政機(jī)構(gòu)則幾乎都牽涉地方城墻的建設(shè)。城墻修筑質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到城墻的生命年限與防御功能,宋代政府非常重視城墻修筑過程中的質(zhì)量檢查環(huán)節(jié)。城墻面臨著自然災(zāi)害和戰(zhàn)火兩方面的威脅,而熱兵器對城墻的破壞程度陡然大增。 宋代筑城的資金、勞力和物料采取多種措施進(jìn)行籌集。就城池修筑所使用的資金和物料而言,中央政府有時候用直接撥付物料和資金的方式,有時候則采用發(fā)放度牒和出賣官爵的方式；而地方政府或節(jié)省其他費(fèi)用,或趁豐年向所轄區(qū)域民眾攤派修城費(fèi)用。宋政府加強(qiáng)了修筑城池明細(xì)帳目的審核。宋代專設(shè)了修護(hù)城墻的壯城兵。人力不足時,還派遣廂軍或其它禁軍修筑和維修城池,但招募或征調(diào)民力修筑城池,在宋代也很常見。 宋代城墻依據(jù)建筑材料的不同可分為土城、磚城、石城、竹城等,其物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)主要由墻身、城門、城樓、敵臺(又稱馬面、行城)、敵樓、雉堞(又稱女墻、垛口、俾倪),藏兵洞、羊馬墻、甕城、月城、團(tuán)樓(又稱敵團(tuán))、戰(zhàn)棚、吊橋、萬人敵、登城馬道、排水溝、護(hù)門墻等部分組成,從而形成完整的防御設(shè)施。宋代在城墻本體的修筑上,對高度、厚度和坡度三個主要技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)計更為實際而科學(xué)。 宋代守城的戰(zhàn)術(shù)理論發(fā)展顯著,《守城錄》是中國歷史上第一部守城戰(zhàn)專著。宋代在守城戰(zhàn)中發(fā)明、應(yīng)用了多種守城的兵器和器械。宋代在德安、順昌、釣魚城、襄樊等城池守護(hù)戰(zhàn)中取得多次勝利。城池的建設(shè)與守衛(wèi)是南宋政府存亡的關(guān)鍵。但宋代的政治腐敗極大影響了宋代城墻建設(shè)的實戰(zhàn)效果。宋代城池的功能較之前代也有明顯的變化,其治安防范功能和觀賞性功能則日益凸顯。
[Abstract]:The city wall is the outer structure of the city, the main defense system of the city, and the center of the city construction. The policy of city construction in Song Dynasty was adjusted under the influence of internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and so on. In the early Song Dynasty, the disadvantages of the five generations of secession were punished and the local destruction of the city was carried out. The policy of "strong, dry and weak branches" was the most in the Taizong period. With the tension of the relationship between Song, Liao and Xia, frontier city building became the mainstream of city wall management policy in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the construction of the wall was further strengthened, but the policy of not building the wall was adhered to in the local small and medium-sized cities. In the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of Xiocheng in Song Dynasty, supporters either thought that the city wall should be used against cavalry, or that local public security prevention should be strengthened. The opposition believes that "in Germany is not in danger," to build a city will give the enemy a real mouth, increase the burden on the people, resulting in scattered troops. The urban planning map is the basis for the construction of the city wall, the most important evidence for the relevant departments of the central government to check the quality and cost of the construction of the city wall, and the important information source for the central government to understand the local city planning. In Song Dynasty, there were many departments involved in the construction of cities. The central organs included the Privy Council, the Household Department, the Engineering Department, the military Department and so on, but the main functional departments were the Engineering Department. Almost all local administrations are involved in the construction of local walls. The quality of wall construction is directly related to the life and defense function of the wall. The Song Dynasty government attached great importance to the quality inspection link in the process of wall construction. The city wall is facing the threat of natural disasters and war, and the damage degree of hot weapons to the wall has increased dramatically. Song Dynasty to build the capital, labor and materials to take a variety of measures to raise. As far as the funds and materials used in the construction of the city are concerned, the central government sometimes allocates the materials and funds directly, sometimes by issuing ultimatums and selling out the official viscount; Local governments, on the other hand, either save other expenses or share the cost of city repair among the people under their jurisdiction in bumper years. The Song government stepped up the audit of detailed accounts for the construction of the city. The Song Dynasty specially set up strong city soldiers to repair the city wall. When the manpower was insufficient, the van army or other forbidden troops were sent to build and repair the city, but it was also common in the Song Dynasty to recruit or recruit the people to build the city. According to the different building materials, the wall of Song Dynasty can be divided into Tucheng, Brick City, Stone City, Bamboo City and so on. Its material structure is mainly composed of wall body, city gate, city building, enemy platform (also known as horse face, walking city), enemy building, pheasant crenellations (also known as female wall, Paokou, Balni). Tibetan soldier cave, sheep and horse wall, urn city, moon city, regiment building (also known as enemy regiment), war shed, hanging bridge, ten thousand enemy, climbing horse road, drainage ditch, door guard wall and so on, thus forming a complete defense facility. In Song Dynasty, the design of three main technical data, height, thickness and slope, was more practical and scientific in the construction of wall ontology. The tactical theory of city-keeping in Song Dynasty has developed significantly. Shou Cheng Lu is the first monograph on city-keeping war in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty was invented in the battle of defending the city and applied a variety of weapons and instruments to guard the city. Song Dynasty in de'an, Shunchang, Diaoyu City, Xiangfan and other cities to win many victories. The construction and guard of the city is the key to the survival of the government in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the political corruption in Song Dynasty greatly affected the actual combat effect of wall construction in Song Dynasty. Compared with the previous generation, the function of city in Song Dynasty also changed obviously, and its function of public security prevention and appreciation became more and more prominent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K244
本文編號：2481458
[Abstract]:The city wall is the outer structure of the city, the main defense system of the city, and the center of the city construction. The policy of city construction in Song Dynasty was adjusted under the influence of internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and so on. In the early Song Dynasty, the disadvantages of the five generations of secession were punished and the local destruction of the city was carried out. The policy of "strong, dry and weak branches" was the most in the Taizong period. With the tension of the relationship between Song, Liao and Xia, frontier city building became the mainstream of city wall management policy in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the construction of the wall was further strengthened, but the policy of not building the wall was adhered to in the local small and medium-sized cities. In the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of Xiocheng in Song Dynasty, supporters either thought that the city wall should be used against cavalry, or that local public security prevention should be strengthened. The opposition believes that "in Germany is not in danger," to build a city will give the enemy a real mouth, increase the burden on the people, resulting in scattered troops. The urban planning map is the basis for the construction of the city wall, the most important evidence for the relevant departments of the central government to check the quality and cost of the construction of the city wall, and the important information source for the central government to understand the local city planning. In Song Dynasty, there were many departments involved in the construction of cities. The central organs included the Privy Council, the Household Department, the Engineering Department, the military Department and so on, but the main functional departments were the Engineering Department. Almost all local administrations are involved in the construction of local walls. The quality of wall construction is directly related to the life and defense function of the wall. The Song Dynasty government attached great importance to the quality inspection link in the process of wall construction. The city wall is facing the threat of natural disasters and war, and the damage degree of hot weapons to the wall has increased dramatically. Song Dynasty to build the capital, labor and materials to take a variety of measures to raise. As far as the funds and materials used in the construction of the city are concerned, the central government sometimes allocates the materials and funds directly, sometimes by issuing ultimatums and selling out the official viscount; Local governments, on the other hand, either save other expenses or share the cost of city repair among the people under their jurisdiction in bumper years. The Song government stepped up the audit of detailed accounts for the construction of the city. The Song Dynasty specially set up strong city soldiers to repair the city wall. When the manpower was insufficient, the van army or other forbidden troops were sent to build and repair the city, but it was also common in the Song Dynasty to recruit or recruit the people to build the city. According to the different building materials, the wall of Song Dynasty can be divided into Tucheng, Brick City, Stone City, Bamboo City and so on. Its material structure is mainly composed of wall body, city gate, city building, enemy platform (also known as horse face, walking city), enemy building, pheasant crenellations (also known as female wall, Paokou, Balni). Tibetan soldier cave, sheep and horse wall, urn city, moon city, regiment building (also known as enemy regiment), war shed, hanging bridge, ten thousand enemy, climbing horse road, drainage ditch, door guard wall and so on, thus forming a complete defense facility. In Song Dynasty, the design of three main technical data, height, thickness and slope, was more practical and scientific in the construction of wall ontology. The tactical theory of city-keeping in Song Dynasty has developed significantly. Shou Cheng Lu is the first monograph on city-keeping war in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty was invented in the battle of defending the city and applied a variety of weapons and instruments to guard the city. Song Dynasty in de'an, Shunchang, Diaoyu City, Xiangfan and other cities to win many victories. The construction and guard of the city is the key to the survival of the government in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the political corruption in Song Dynasty greatly affected the actual combat effect of wall construction in Song Dynasty. Compared with the previous generation, the function of city in Song Dynasty also changed obviously, and its function of public security prevention and appreciation became more and more prominent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K244
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