南宋士人與地方公益事業(yè)之研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-05-06 16:13
【摘要】：唐代開始,江南士族開始“中央化”的進程,逐漸離開本土,并且經(jīng)過唐末五代的戰(zhàn)亂,最終退出歷史舞臺。安史之亂到五代之間,北方士人大量南遷。到唐末,南方經(jīng)濟明顯盛于北方,而文化上,則呈現(xiàn)出相對平衡,南方稍具優(yōu)勢的形勢。南遷士人對南方文化的變遷有重要影響。在唐末戰(zhàn)亂的情勢下,江南地方勢力開始崛起。 科舉制帶來社會階層一定程度上的流動,并且在唐代中期開始形成以科舉為業(yè)的階層,并且這個階層也覆蓋到江南地區(qū)。北宋發(fā)展科舉制,并且在地方推廣官學(xué)教育,致使社會知識群體繼續(xù)膨脹。靖康之難后,北人再次大量南遷,這就增加了南方的士人群體。北方士人遷入南方后,經(jīng)歷了本土化的過程,加上科舉制繼續(xù)發(fā)展,從而增加了南宋士人群體的數(shù)量。這源于南宋地方公私教育的普及,以及印刷出版技術(shù)的發(fā)達。南宋士人的身份的自我認同比較一致,士人的形成方式開始趨同,并且該階層還出現(xiàn)了基本的分層。 作為南宋社會的一個重要階層,因士人自身社會地位的優(yōu)勢,富民對士人地位的追捧,以及地方官員對士人的禮遇和互動,在這些基礎(chǔ)之上,士人進而在參與公益事業(yè)過程中通過與政府官員和富民等階層發(fā)生互動,從而獲得一定的“文化權(quán)力”。士人“文化權(quán)力”所控制的范圍從家庭到宗族,再超越宗族到鄰里,然后進入鄉(xiāng)里的“公共領(lǐng)域”。而地方官員首先所面對的是這一“公共領(lǐng)域”。在“公共領(lǐng)域”內(nèi)士人與官員發(fā)生互動。 士人參與的公益事業(yè)領(lǐng)域眾多,如經(jīng)濟救助活動,包括社倉、賑濟、義役;公共工程修建,如橋梁修建、水利工程;文化設(shè)施如官學(xué)修建、祠廟修建等活動。士人都積極參與其中。參與的方式基本分兩種,一種是資金參與,另一種是勸募輿論參與。 南宋大部分公益事業(yè)依然是地方官員為主導(dǎo),士人僅是參與力量,并未達到控制地方事務(wù)的程度。由于士人社會地位的影響,富民一般也會緊隨士人之后而參與公益事業(yè)。在佛教徒參與的公益事業(yè)中,士人也經(jīng)常參與其中。 從長時段來看,唐代以降至明清長江流域及以南地區(qū)參與公益事業(yè)的地方勢力除了宗教勢力外發(fā)生一些明顯的變化。唐后期主要是庶民地主,南宋是士人和富民,明清是士紳和富民。北宋與元代各是過渡期。 南宋士人也奠定了八百年政府之外知識群體(士人與士紳)參與地方公益事業(yè)的實施模式。但公益事業(yè)實施情況具有明顯的不確定性,很少有制度化的設(shè)計。所以從南宋到明清,隨著地方財政所決定的政府行政能力的強弱,演繹出公益事業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)古代版的“國進民退”與“國退民進”之交替。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the scholars of Jiangnan began the process of "centralization", gradually left the native land, and finally withdrew from the historical stage after the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties. Anshi chaos to the five dynasties, a large number of northerners moved to the south. By the end of Tang Dynasty, the economy of the South was obviously prosperous in the North, while the culture showed a relative balance, and the South had a slightly superior situation. The Nanqian people have an important influence on the change of the southern culture. In the late Tang Dynasty, the situation of war, Jiangnan local forces began to rise. The imperial examination system brought a certain degree of social mobility, and in the middle of the Tang Dynasty began to form the imperial examination as the industry class, and this class also covers the Jiangnan region. The development of imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the promotion of official education in local areas, caused the social knowledge group to continue to expand. After Jingkang's troubles, the northerners moved to the south again, which increased the southern group of scholars. After the northern scholars moved to the south, they went through the process of localization, and the imperial examination system continued to develop, thus increasing the number of scholar groups in the Southern Song Dynasty. This originated from the popularity of public and private education in the Southern Song Dynasty and the development of printing and publishing technology. The self-identity of the scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty was relatively consistent, and the formation of the scholar began to converge, and the stratum also appeared the basic stratification. As an important social stratum in the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the superiority of the scholar's own social status, the pursuit of the scholar's status by the rich people, and the courtesy and interaction of the local officials to the scholar, on the basis of these, In the process of participating in public welfare, scholars can get certain "cultural power" by interacting with government officials and rich people. The scholar's "cultural power" controls a range from family to clan, beyond clan to neighborhood, and then into the "public domain" in the countryside. The first thing local officials face is this "public domain". Insiders interact with officials in the "public domain". Scholars participate in many areas of public welfare, such as economic relief activities, including social warehouse, relief, volunteer service; public works construction, such as bridge construction, water conservancy projects; cultural facilities such as official construction, temple construction and other activities. The scholars took an active part in it. There are two basic ways of participation, one is to participate in funds, the other is to persuade public opinion to participate. Most of the public welfare in the Southern Song Dynasty is still dominated by local officials, and the scholars only participate in the forces, not to the extent of controlling local affairs. As a result of the influence of the social status of the scholars, the rich people will also follow the scholars to participate in the public welfare. In the commonweal cause in which Buddhists participate, the scholar is also often involved in it. From a long-term point of view, the local forces involved in public welfare in the Tang Dynasty fell to the Yangtze River valley and south of the Ming and Qing dynasties, except for the religious forces, which took place some obvious changes. The late Tang Dynasty was mainly the landowner, the Southern Song Dynasty was the scholar and rich people, the Ming and Qing dynasties were gentry and rich people. The Northern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are transitional periods. The scholars of the Southern Song Dynasty also established an implementation model for the participation of knowledge groups (scholars and gentry) outside the government in local public welfare undertakings for 800 years. However, the implementation of public welfare has obvious uncertainty, rarely institutionalized design. So from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the strength of the administrative ability of the local government decided by the local finance, it deduces the alternation of the ancient edition of "the state advancing the people" and "the state retreating the people" in the field of public welfare.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K245
本文編號：2470306
[Abstract]:At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the scholars of Jiangnan began the process of "centralization", gradually left the native land, and finally withdrew from the historical stage after the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties. Anshi chaos to the five dynasties, a large number of northerners moved to the south. By the end of Tang Dynasty, the economy of the South was obviously prosperous in the North, while the culture showed a relative balance, and the South had a slightly superior situation. The Nanqian people have an important influence on the change of the southern culture. In the late Tang Dynasty, the situation of war, Jiangnan local forces began to rise. The imperial examination system brought a certain degree of social mobility, and in the middle of the Tang Dynasty began to form the imperial examination as the industry class, and this class also covers the Jiangnan region. The development of imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the promotion of official education in local areas, caused the social knowledge group to continue to expand. After Jingkang's troubles, the northerners moved to the south again, which increased the southern group of scholars. After the northern scholars moved to the south, they went through the process of localization, and the imperial examination system continued to develop, thus increasing the number of scholar groups in the Southern Song Dynasty. This originated from the popularity of public and private education in the Southern Song Dynasty and the development of printing and publishing technology. The self-identity of the scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty was relatively consistent, and the formation of the scholar began to converge, and the stratum also appeared the basic stratification. As an important social stratum in the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the superiority of the scholar's own social status, the pursuit of the scholar's status by the rich people, and the courtesy and interaction of the local officials to the scholar, on the basis of these, In the process of participating in public welfare, scholars can get certain "cultural power" by interacting with government officials and rich people. The scholar's "cultural power" controls a range from family to clan, beyond clan to neighborhood, and then into the "public domain" in the countryside. The first thing local officials face is this "public domain". Insiders interact with officials in the "public domain". Scholars participate in many areas of public welfare, such as economic relief activities, including social warehouse, relief, volunteer service; public works construction, such as bridge construction, water conservancy projects; cultural facilities such as official construction, temple construction and other activities. The scholars took an active part in it. There are two basic ways of participation, one is to participate in funds, the other is to persuade public opinion to participate. Most of the public welfare in the Southern Song Dynasty is still dominated by local officials, and the scholars only participate in the forces, not to the extent of controlling local affairs. As a result of the influence of the social status of the scholars, the rich people will also follow the scholars to participate in the public welfare. In the commonweal cause in which Buddhists participate, the scholar is also often involved in it. From a long-term point of view, the local forces involved in public welfare in the Tang Dynasty fell to the Yangtze River valley and south of the Ming and Qing dynasties, except for the religious forces, which took place some obvious changes. The late Tang Dynasty was mainly the landowner, the Southern Song Dynasty was the scholar and rich people, the Ming and Qing dynasties were gentry and rich people. The Northern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are transitional periods. The scholars of the Southern Song Dynasty also established an implementation model for the participation of knowledge groups (scholars and gentry) outside the government in local public welfare undertakings for 800 years. However, the implementation of public welfare has obvious uncertainty, rarely institutionalized design. So from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the strength of the administrative ability of the local government decided by the local finance, it deduces the alternation of the ancient edition of "the state advancing the people" and "the state retreating the people" in the field of public welfare.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K245
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