清代吏胥制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-05 12:38
【摘要】：在中國前近代的官僚制度研究中,學術(shù)界對官僚制整體、科舉制度以及職官制度等論題的辨析較詳,對吏胥制度的考察則較為薄弱,而吏胥在專制社會的國家機器的運作中,作用不可小視。在一個王朝的官僚政治系統(tǒng)中,雖然官員占據(jù)著要津,而吏胥居于底層,但吏胥在人數(shù)上遠遠多于官員,而且是統(tǒng)治機制運轉(zhuǎn)的實際操作者,以致在某種程度上把持著事權(quán)。同時,他們處于官民之間的結(jié)合部位,是各級官署行政信息的搜集、整理者,是官民之間信息溝通的主要渠道�？梢哉J為,中國傳統(tǒng)社會如果離開了吏胥,則官僚機器將難以運轉(zhuǎn)。因此,探究吏胥階層的生存狀況、吏胥職能及其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、吏胥制度的實際運作情形、吏胥在社會結(jié)構(gòu)中的位置及其對朝政的影響等問題,有助于全面理解中國官僚政治的結(jié)構(gòu)、運行機制和行政效能,體悟宗法專制社會的政治生態(tài)環(huán)境,明辨官僚政治的利弊得失。 本文之所以以“清代”為限,一是因為清朝是吏胥之制得到充分發(fā)展并抵達高潮的時段,也是其終結(jié)期,以清代的吏胥為研究對象,更具典型性。二是有關(guān)吏胥制度的研究,宋元時期文章相對較多,而對明清尤其是清代吏胥的研究較為薄弱,研究論文少,研究著作尚付闕如。三是考慮到傳統(tǒng)史學研究的某些不足。傳統(tǒng)政治史的研究是以敘述重大政治事件、上層人物為特征,今之研究則應(yīng)兼顧下層以及不同職業(yè)群體。對于吏胥這一邊緣人群的關(guān)注正與這種新的史學觀念相契合。 本文以中國傳統(tǒng)史學的研究方法為基礎(chǔ),同時借鑒政治學、行政學、社會學和文化學等學科的理論和方法,對清代吏胥制度進行系統(tǒng)研究。其主要研究內(nèi)容有以下數(shù)端: 第一,考察官僚政治與吏胥制度的關(guān)系以及吏胥在官僚機制中的位置。官僚制這一具有理性基礎(chǔ)的組織形式的存在是吏胥產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)和條件,沒有科層化的官僚政治體制,就沒有吏胥的興盛,吏胥群體是科層制組織的一部分。在傳統(tǒng)官僚政治系統(tǒng)中有決策人、執(zhí)行人,如果說決策是行政的心臟,執(zhí)行則是行政的手足,吏胥正是朝廷各項事務(wù)的最終執(zhí)行者。吏胥和官員一樣,是官僚政治中不可分離的兩個行政載體,是官僚制度的兩大組成部分。 第二,對吏胥制度在傳統(tǒng)社會后期興盛的緣由、清代吏胥制度的特點以及吏胥制度的歷史缺陷進行分析。關(guān)于吏胥制度在傳統(tǒng)社會后期興盛的緣由,其一,自唐
[Abstract]:In the study of the bureaucracy system in the pre-modern times of China, the academic circles differentiate and analyze the whole bureaucracy system, the imperial examination system and the official system in detail, but the investigation of the official system is relatively weak, while the latter is in the operation of the state machinery in the autocratic society. The effect should not be underestimated. In the bureaucratic system of a dynasty, although the officials occupy the important part, and the officials are at the bottom, they are far more numerous than the officials, and they are the actual operators of the operation of the ruling mechanism, so that they hold the power to some extent. At the same time, they are in the joint position between the officials and the people, they are the collection and collation of administrative information at all levels, and the main channel of information communication between the officials and the people. It can be considered that if the traditional Chinese society left Shixu, the bureaucratic machine would be difficult to run. Therefore, this paper probes into the living conditions of the officials and the petty strata, the functions of the officials and the mercy and their internal structure, the actual operation of the system, the position of the officials and the mercy in the social structure and their influence on the government, and so on. It is helpful to understand the structure, operating mechanism and administrative efficiency of Chinese bureaucratic politics, understand the political ecological environment of patriarchal autocracy society, and distinguish the pros and cons of bureaucratic politics. The reason why this article is limited to "Qing Dynasty" is that the Qing Dynasty is the period of the full development of the system of the officials and Xu and the period of its climax, and it is more typical to take the officials and Xu of the Qing Dynasty as the object of study. Secondly, there were more articles in Song and Yuan dynasties, but the research on the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty, was weak, the research papers were few, and the research works were still absent. The third is to consider some shortcomings of traditional historiography research. The study of traditional political history is characterized by the narration of major political events and the upper-class figures, while the present research should take into account the lower class and different professional groups. The attention of the marginal crowd is in line with this new concept of history. Based on the research methods of Chinese traditional historiography and the theories and methods of politics, administration, sociology and culturology, this paper makes a systematic study on the system of officials and Xu in the Qing Dynasty. The main research contents are as follows: first, it examines the relationship between bureaucracy and the system of officials and mercy and the position of officials and Xu in the system of bureaucracy. The existence of bureaucracy, a form of organization with rational foundation, is the basis and condition of the emergence of officials and Xu. Without the bureaucratic political system, there will be no prosperity of officials and Xu, and the group of officials and mercy is a part of the organization of hierarchy. There are decision-makers and executors in the traditional bureaucratic political system. If decision-making is the heart of the administration, execution is the hand of the administration. Lixu, like officials, is an inseparable administrative carrier and two major components of bureaucracy. Secondly, the reason of the prosperity of the system in the later stage of traditional society, the characteristics of the system in Qing Dynasty and the historical defects of the system were analyzed. On the reason of the prosperity of the system of officials and Xu in the later period of traditional society, first, since the Tang Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K249
本文編號：2312111
[Abstract]:In the study of the bureaucracy system in the pre-modern times of China, the academic circles differentiate and analyze the whole bureaucracy system, the imperial examination system and the official system in detail, but the investigation of the official system is relatively weak, while the latter is in the operation of the state machinery in the autocratic society. The effect should not be underestimated. In the bureaucratic system of a dynasty, although the officials occupy the important part, and the officials are at the bottom, they are far more numerous than the officials, and they are the actual operators of the operation of the ruling mechanism, so that they hold the power to some extent. At the same time, they are in the joint position between the officials and the people, they are the collection and collation of administrative information at all levels, and the main channel of information communication between the officials and the people. It can be considered that if the traditional Chinese society left Shixu, the bureaucratic machine would be difficult to run. Therefore, this paper probes into the living conditions of the officials and the petty strata, the functions of the officials and the mercy and their internal structure, the actual operation of the system, the position of the officials and the mercy in the social structure and their influence on the government, and so on. It is helpful to understand the structure, operating mechanism and administrative efficiency of Chinese bureaucratic politics, understand the political ecological environment of patriarchal autocracy society, and distinguish the pros and cons of bureaucratic politics. The reason why this article is limited to "Qing Dynasty" is that the Qing Dynasty is the period of the full development of the system of the officials and Xu and the period of its climax, and it is more typical to take the officials and Xu of the Qing Dynasty as the object of study. Secondly, there were more articles in Song and Yuan dynasties, but the research on the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty, was weak, the research papers were few, and the research works were still absent. The third is to consider some shortcomings of traditional historiography research. The study of traditional political history is characterized by the narration of major political events and the upper-class figures, while the present research should take into account the lower class and different professional groups. The attention of the marginal crowd is in line with this new concept of history. Based on the research methods of Chinese traditional historiography and the theories and methods of politics, administration, sociology and culturology, this paper makes a systematic study on the system of officials and Xu in the Qing Dynasty. The main research contents are as follows: first, it examines the relationship between bureaucracy and the system of officials and mercy and the position of officials and Xu in the system of bureaucracy. The existence of bureaucracy, a form of organization with rational foundation, is the basis and condition of the emergence of officials and Xu. Without the bureaucratic political system, there will be no prosperity of officials and Xu, and the group of officials and mercy is a part of the organization of hierarchy. There are decision-makers and executors in the traditional bureaucratic political system. If decision-making is the heart of the administration, execution is the hand of the administration. Lixu, like officials, is an inseparable administrative carrier and two major components of bureaucracy. Secondly, the reason of the prosperity of the system in the later stage of traditional society, the characteristics of the system in Qing Dynasty and the historical defects of the system were analyzed. On the reason of the prosperity of the system of officials and Xu in the later period of traditional society, first, since the Tang Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K249
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 江田祥;;爪牙與叛逆:胥吏與清中期白蓮教起義——以乾嘉之際白蓮教“當陽教團”為中心[J];歷史教學問題;2007年03期
2 金詩燦;;清代部費問題研究[J];武漢科技大學學報(社會科學版);2011年05期
相關(guān)博士學位論文 前2條
1 張振國;清代文官選任制度研究[D];南開大學;2010年
2 王俊梅;秦漢郡縣屬吏研究[D];中國人民大學;2008年
相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條
1 閆文博;清“虛出通關(guān)朱鈔”律例研究[D];南開大學;2008年
2 陳箏;胥吏之制的歷史透視及評析[D];煙臺大學;2009年
，本文編號：2312111
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