明代藏地施政的特殊性：古代中央王朝治理藏區(qū)的一種范式研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-10 13:51
【摘要】： 本文以現(xiàn)有漢藏文獻為依據(jù)，并在廣泛吸取和參考國內(nèi)外有關研究成果的基礎上，以宏觀考察與縱橫比較相結(jié)合的方法，對明朝治藏政策出臺的背景，以及政治、經(jīng)濟、宗教與文化等有關舉措進行深入系統(tǒng)的分析研究，進而展示出明朝對藏施政，從總體上講，不僅符合其自身實力，而且順應了藏地的歷史與現(xiàn)實狀況，不失為古代中央王朝治藏的一種較為成功的范式。 全文由五大部構(gòu)成。第一，元明交替，不僅標志著古代中原王朝的又一次改朝換代，而更深層內(nèi)涵是中央統(tǒng)治民族主體的換位與國內(nèi)既有民族關系格局的打破。明朝對藏施政范式的最終確立，必然既要繼承元朝治藏之傳統(tǒng)，又要適應變化了的主客觀形勢。第二，以明朝在藏地的政權建構(gòu)和對僧俗官員管理為研究切入點，進行縱橫比較，揭示出明朝對藏的政治統(tǒng)治有別于前代和其他民族地區(qū)，又兼顧了藏地社會的多元化特征。即對藏地政治控制總體上具有非強制性特點，而藏地不同區(qū)域內(nèi)，其控制的強度又有差異，表現(xiàn)出內(nèi)緊外松(與中原距離而言)。同時，藏地作為明帝國版土的一部分，其政治統(tǒng)治的原則并未因藏地之特殊而放松。第三，藏地與中原傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)和生活方式的差異，漢藏民族間經(jīng)濟上的互劑余缺，，原本是不同經(jīng)濟類型地區(qū)間客觀要求。明統(tǒng)治者以此怍為輔助政治統(tǒng)治的突破口，運用經(jīng)濟手段彌補其政治和軍事功能之不足，以之促進漢藏政治關系的健康發(fā)展。第四，通過對明朝對藏地的宗教文化政策的討論，認為明朝對漢地與藏地的宗教政策，本質(zhì)上均是借助宗教世俗功能為政治服務。但是，其側(cè)重點又是有所不同，看重前者，是因其具備道德教化作用；關注后者，是因其不僅具有“化愚彌頑”之功能，而且更重的是可以“協(xié)助頭目， 撫治人民”。同時，以儒家文化染化藏地，達到非漢族民族的漢化。第五，簡要 總結(jié)明朝藏地施政的成敗，以及它為后世提供的歷史啟迪。除此之外，本文在 研究過程中還對一些具體和有爭議的問題進行了分析、論證，并提出了若干新 的見解。
[Abstract]:Based on the existing literature of Han and Tibetan, and on the basis of widely absorbing and referring to the relevant research results at home and abroad, and by the method of combining macroscopic investigation with vertical and horizontal comparison, this paper discusses the background, politics and economy of the policy of controlling Tibet in the Ming Dynasty. Religion and culture and other related measures have been deeply and systematically analyzed and studied, thus showing that the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, on the whole, not only conforms to its own strength, but also conforms to the historical and realistic conditions of Tibet. It is a successful paradigm for the ancient central dynasty to control Tibet. The full text consists of five parts. First, the alternation of Yuan and Ming not only marks another change of dynasty in the ancient Central Plains, but also has the deeper connotation of the transformation of the central governing subject and the breaking of the existing national relationship pattern in China. The final establishment of the paradigm of Tibetan administration in Ming Dynasty must not only inherit the tradition of Yuan Dynasty governing Tibet, but also adapt to the changing subjective and objective situation. Secondly, taking the regime construction of Ming Dynasty in Tibet and the management of monk and vulgar officials as the starting point, this paper makes a vertical and horizontal comparison, and reveals that the political rule of Ming Dynasty over Tibet is different from that of the former generation and other ethnic regions, and it also takes into account the pluralistic characteristics of Tibetan society. That is to say, the political control of Tibet is not mandatory in general, but the intensity of control is different in different regions of Tibet, showing the internal tight and outer loose (as far as the distance from the Central Plains). At the same time, Tibet as a part of the Ming Empire, the principles of political rule did not relax because of the special Tibet. Thirdly, the differences of traditional production and life style between Tibet and Central Plains, and the economic interaction between Han and Tibetan nationalities were originally the objective requirements of different economic regions. The rulers of Ming Dynasty used this as the breakthrough point to assist the political rule, and used economic means to make up for the deficiency of their political and military functions, and to promote the healthy development of the political relations between Han and Tibetan. Fourth, through the discussion of the religious and cultural policy of the Ming Dynasty to Tibet, it is concluded that the religious policy of the Ming Dynasty to the Han and Tibetan regions is essentially a political service with the help of the secular function of religion. However, its emphasis is different. The former is valued because it has the function of moral enlightenment, and the latter is concerned because it not only has the function of "turning the fool into a fool". What is more important is the ability to "assist the leader and caress the people." At the same time, the Confucian culture dyed the Tibetan areas, to achieve the Han nationality of the Han nationality. Fifth, briefly summarizes the success or failure of the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, and its historical enlightenment for future generations. In addition, in the course of the research, this paper also analyzes and demonstrates some specific and controversial issues. Some new opinions are put forward.
【學位授予單位】：四川大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K248
本文編號：2262028
[Abstract]:Based on the existing literature of Han and Tibetan, and on the basis of widely absorbing and referring to the relevant research results at home and abroad, and by the method of combining macroscopic investigation with vertical and horizontal comparison, this paper discusses the background, politics and economy of the policy of controlling Tibet in the Ming Dynasty. Religion and culture and other related measures have been deeply and systematically analyzed and studied, thus showing that the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, on the whole, not only conforms to its own strength, but also conforms to the historical and realistic conditions of Tibet. It is a successful paradigm for the ancient central dynasty to control Tibet. The full text consists of five parts. First, the alternation of Yuan and Ming not only marks another change of dynasty in the ancient Central Plains, but also has the deeper connotation of the transformation of the central governing subject and the breaking of the existing national relationship pattern in China. The final establishment of the paradigm of Tibetan administration in Ming Dynasty must not only inherit the tradition of Yuan Dynasty governing Tibet, but also adapt to the changing subjective and objective situation. Secondly, taking the regime construction of Ming Dynasty in Tibet and the management of monk and vulgar officials as the starting point, this paper makes a vertical and horizontal comparison, and reveals that the political rule of Ming Dynasty over Tibet is different from that of the former generation and other ethnic regions, and it also takes into account the pluralistic characteristics of Tibetan society. That is to say, the political control of Tibet is not mandatory in general, but the intensity of control is different in different regions of Tibet, showing the internal tight and outer loose (as far as the distance from the Central Plains). At the same time, Tibet as a part of the Ming Empire, the principles of political rule did not relax because of the special Tibet. Thirdly, the differences of traditional production and life style between Tibet and Central Plains, and the economic interaction between Han and Tibetan nationalities were originally the objective requirements of different economic regions. The rulers of Ming Dynasty used this as the breakthrough point to assist the political rule, and used economic means to make up for the deficiency of their political and military functions, and to promote the healthy development of the political relations between Han and Tibetan. Fourth, through the discussion of the religious and cultural policy of the Ming Dynasty to Tibet, it is concluded that the religious policy of the Ming Dynasty to the Han and Tibetan regions is essentially a political service with the help of the secular function of religion. However, its emphasis is different. The former is valued because it has the function of moral enlightenment, and the latter is concerned because it not only has the function of "turning the fool into a fool". What is more important is the ability to "assist the leader and caress the people." At the same time, the Confucian culture dyed the Tibetan areas, to achieve the Han nationality of the Han nationality. Fifth, briefly summarizes the success or failure of the administration of Tibet in the Ming Dynasty, and its historical enlightenment for future generations. In addition, in the course of the research, this paper also analyzes and demonstrates some specific and controversial issues. Some new opinions are put forward.
【學位授予單位】：四川大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K248
【引證文獻】
相關期刊論文 前1條
1 喜富裕;;明中后期烏思藏朝貢使進京朝貢改道原因探析[J];西藏研究;2010年04期
本文編號：2262028
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