清代洞庭湖區(qū)水患和洞庭湖治理研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-09 16:12
【摘要】： 洞庭湖區(qū)水患問題是當(dāng)今社會(huì)的嚴(yán)重問題，要減輕湖區(qū)水患，就要認(rèn)識(shí)該水患發(fā)生、發(fā)展規(guī)律。荊江北岸堵口后，多數(shù)縣5—17年便有一遇，四口南流局面形成后，，大部分縣2—4年便有一遇，到了現(xiàn)代，平均每兩年一次。清代洞庭湖區(qū)水患頻繁，對(duì)社會(huì)造成了巨大的損失，人畜傷亡，房屋倒塌，人們流離失所，衣食無靠；田土被淹，糧食無收，乞食者眾。人心浮動(dòng)，社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩，到處呈現(xiàn)一派衰敗荒涼的景象。筆者認(rèn)為，主要的影響是人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)受到破壞，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。我們研究水患對(duì)社會(huì)的影響，就是要使人們樹立防災(zāi)、抗災(zāi)意識(shí)，避免主觀因素，從而減少水患對(duì)社會(huì)的影響，達(dá)到減災(zāi)保民、發(fā)展生產(chǎn)、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的目的。 洞庭湖區(qū)水患的成因是復(fù)雜的，但總的來講有自然因素和人為因素兩大類。自然因素如自然地理?xiàng)l件、氣候條件等是無法克服的，但人為因素是可以克服的，可以通過規(guī)范人類的行為，減少人為因素所造成的損害。筆者認(rèn)為，洞庭湖區(qū)水患大部分是由自然因素造成的，但人為因素促成了水患的發(fā)生，如植被破壞、泥沙淤積，圍湖造田等，是不可忽略的因素。這就是為什么歷代治水但水患又不可避免的發(fā)生，因治水只能減少人為因素，而自然因素卻無法克服。 清代對(duì)于治理洞庭湖的問題，圍繞著廢田還湖還是塞口還江，舍南救北還是南北兼顧；以蓄為主還是以泄為主，蓄泄兼籌等，意見莫衷一是，其核心是蓄和泄的問題。筆者認(rèn)為，廢田還湖不可能，因?yàn)榍宕煤藁牡刭Y源及時(shí)圍墾，是與洲土淤漲和人口增殖的自然趨勢相適應(yīng)的。人要吃飯，圍湖造田是歷史的必然．即使廢田還湖，但泥沙淤積嚴(yán)重，洞庭湖蓄水量減少，水患亦然。正確的做法應(yīng)該是杜絕新的圍湖造田、與水爭地現(xiàn)象，采用挖泥船清淤，擴(kuò)大蓄水面積。塞口還江值得商榷，因自清咸、同時(shí)已形成四口分流局面，如塞口還江，勢必增加長江的流量。水要有出路，應(yīng)以疏導(dǎo)為主�！澳媳奔骖櫋睘楹�，因?yàn)檠雌诤樗虮笨裳图拔錆h三鎮(zhèn)，向南可淹及洞庭湖沿岸城鎮(zhèn)�！靶钚辜骖櫋睘楹�，汛期就以泄為主，將洪水疏導(dǎo)入長江，減少湖內(nèi)水量，枯水期就以蓄為主，引水灌田、養(yǎng)魚等，提高湖水的利用率。 對(duì)于當(dāng)代綜合治理洞庭湖的對(duì)策，筆者認(rèn)為，“南北兼顧江湖兩利、蓄泄兼籌、以泄為主”的工作方針是沿襲清代治湖措施，因清代提出“南北兼顧、蓄泄兼顧”。但又高于清代，因?yàn)樘岢隽恕敖䞍衫�，使治湖和治江結(jié)合起來�；痉结樇础熬C合治理、治本為主，標(biāo)本兼治”和指導(dǎo)思想即“把治山治水治湖治江治庫結(jié)合起來”是一回事，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是綜合治理，符合“兩點(diǎn)論”。四口建閘，在清康熙時(shí)已提出“興水利、建閘座�！崩^承傳統(tǒng)，面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，這是切實(shí)可行的方案。而平垸行洪、放淤抬田、裁彎取直是繼清順治帝“疏通水道、修筑堤防”的沿革。治湖的具體措施是封山育林、植樹栽草、退耕還林，從而減少泥沙淤積。在四水建庫、擴(kuò)大防洪庫容，三口建閘、螺山擴(kuò)卡，最終達(dá)到治湖與治山、治湖與治河、治湖與治江結(jié)合起來。這對(duì)治理洞庭湖區(qū)水患，減輕水患對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)的危害都是十分有效的。但必須指出的是，清代治理洞庭湖有其局限性，就湖治湖，而當(dāng)代卻從環(huán)境改造、植樹造林、退耕還林等進(jìn)行綜合治理，這是歷史的進(jìn)步。 筆者對(duì)清代洞庭湖區(qū)水患及洞庭湖治理進(jìn)行深入、多角度的研究，不僅可以推動(dòng)對(duì)清代災(zāi)荒史的研究，也能加深我們對(duì)清代減災(zāi)措施的認(rèn)識(shí)，尋找傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的結(jié)合點(diǎn)，從而為當(dāng)代治理洞庭湖提供不無裨益的借鑒。
[Abstract]:The problem of flood in Dongting Lake area is a serious social problem nowadays. To alleviate the flood in the lake area, we must know the occurrence and development law of the flood. It has caused tremendous losses to society, people and livestock casualties, houses collapsed, people were displaced, food and clothing are not reliable; the land was flooded, no food harvest, beggars and foodstuffs. The impact of the meeting is to make people establish a sense of disaster prevention and resistance, to avoid subjective factors, so as to reduce the impact of floods on society, to reduce disasters and protect the people, develop production and improve economic efficiency.
The causes of flood in Dongting Lake area are complicated, but there are two kinds of natural factors and human factors in general. Natural factors such as natural geographical conditions and climate conditions can not be overcome, but human factors can be overcome. The damage caused by human factors can be reduced by regulating human behavior. Most of them are caused by natural factors, but man-made factors, such as vegetation destruction, sediment deposition, reclamation of lakes and so on, can not be ignored. This is why water control in the past dynasties but the inevitable occurrence of floods, because water control can only reduce human factors, and natural factors can not be overcome.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were different opinions on whether to return waste land to the lake or to return the lake to the mouth of the river, whether to save the north or the north or to give consideration to both the north and the south, whether to save the lake or to drain the lake or to store and drain the lake and so on. Even if the waste land is returned to the lake, the sediment deposition is serious, and the water storage of Dongting Lake is reduced, so is the flood. The correct way should be to put an end to the new reclamation of the lake, to compete with water for land, to adopt dredgers to clear the silt, and to expand the water storage area. It is worth discussing that the river has formed a diversion situation of four estuaries since the Qinghai-Xianjiang River was built. For example, the return of the river from the Saikou will increase the flow of the Yangtze River. Drainage flood into the Yangtze River to reduce the amount of water in the lake, mainly in dry season, irrigation, fish culture and so on, improve the utilization rate of the lake water.
For the contemporary comprehensive harnessing of Dongting Lake, the author thinks that the working principle of "giving consideration to both the benefits of the lake and the river from the north and the south, reserving and discharging, and giving priority to discharging" is to follow the Qing Dynasty's measures of harnessing the lake. It is one thing to combine hill and lake management with river and reservoir management. Its essence is comprehensive management, which conforms to the "two points theory". When the four gates were built, it was put forward to carry on the tradition and face the reality. The concrete measures for controlling the lake are fencing hills and cultivating forests, planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests so as to reduce sediment deposition. It is very effective to control the flood in Dongting Lake area and alleviate the harm of flood to social development and people's life and property.But it must be pointed out that the Qing Dynasty had its limitations.
The author of the Qing Dynasty Dongting Lake area flood and Dongting Lake governance in-depth, multi-angle study, not only can promote the Qing Dynasty famine history research, but also deepen our understanding of Qing Dynasty disaster mitigation measures, looking for the combination of traditional and modern, so as to provide a useful reference for the contemporary management of Dongting Lake.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2000
【分類號(hào)】：K249
本文編號(hào)：2232891
[Abstract]:The problem of flood in Dongting Lake area is a serious social problem nowadays. To alleviate the flood in the lake area, we must know the occurrence and development law of the flood. It has caused tremendous losses to society, people and livestock casualties, houses collapsed, people were displaced, food and clothing are not reliable; the land was flooded, no food harvest, beggars and foodstuffs. The impact of the meeting is to make people establish a sense of disaster prevention and resistance, to avoid subjective factors, so as to reduce the impact of floods on society, to reduce disasters and protect the people, develop production and improve economic efficiency.
The causes of flood in Dongting Lake area are complicated, but there are two kinds of natural factors and human factors in general. Natural factors such as natural geographical conditions and climate conditions can not be overcome, but human factors can be overcome. The damage caused by human factors can be reduced by regulating human behavior. Most of them are caused by natural factors, but man-made factors, such as vegetation destruction, sediment deposition, reclamation of lakes and so on, can not be ignored. This is why water control in the past dynasties but the inevitable occurrence of floods, because water control can only reduce human factors, and natural factors can not be overcome.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were different opinions on whether to return waste land to the lake or to return the lake to the mouth of the river, whether to save the north or the north or to give consideration to both the north and the south, whether to save the lake or to drain the lake or to store and drain the lake and so on. Even if the waste land is returned to the lake, the sediment deposition is serious, and the water storage of Dongting Lake is reduced, so is the flood. The correct way should be to put an end to the new reclamation of the lake, to compete with water for land, to adopt dredgers to clear the silt, and to expand the water storage area. It is worth discussing that the river has formed a diversion situation of four estuaries since the Qinghai-Xianjiang River was built. For example, the return of the river from the Saikou will increase the flow of the Yangtze River. Drainage flood into the Yangtze River to reduce the amount of water in the lake, mainly in dry season, irrigation, fish culture and so on, improve the utilization rate of the lake water.
For the contemporary comprehensive harnessing of Dongting Lake, the author thinks that the working principle of "giving consideration to both the benefits of the lake and the river from the north and the south, reserving and discharging, and giving priority to discharging" is to follow the Qing Dynasty's measures of harnessing the lake. It is one thing to combine hill and lake management with river and reservoir management. Its essence is comprehensive management, which conforms to the "two points theory". When the four gates were built, it was put forward to carry on the tradition and face the reality. The concrete measures for controlling the lake are fencing hills and cultivating forests, planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests so as to reduce sediment deposition. It is very effective to control the flood in Dongting Lake area and alleviate the harm of flood to social development and people's life and property.But it must be pointed out that the Qing Dynasty had its limitations.
The author of the Qing Dynasty Dongting Lake area flood and Dongting Lake governance in-depth, multi-angle study, not only can promote the Qing Dynasty famine history research, but also deepen our understanding of Qing Dynasty disaster mitigation measures, looking for the combination of traditional and modern, so as to provide a useful reference for the contemporary management of Dongting Lake.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2000
【分類號(hào)】：K249
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 陳向科;;20世紀(jì)80年代以來洞庭湖區(qū)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)史研究綜述[J];湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2008年06期
2 劉志剛;;近三十年來洞庭湖地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境史研究述評(píng)[J];南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2012年04期
本文編號(hào)：2232891
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