北魏中央集權(quán)過程研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-08 09:24
【摘要】： 北魏是穩(wěn)定地統(tǒng)治中原地區(qū)100多年的第一個少數(shù)民族王朝。他們?yōu)槭裁锤母锪吮咀骞?有的姓名、語言和服飾呢？世界歷史上尚未有過統(tǒng)治民族主動放棄已使用過的本民族的姓 氏和語言，接受被統(tǒng)治民族的姓氏和語言的先例。為什么北魏政權(quán)達(dá)到鼎盛時候突然推行 了改革？那么實(shí)施改革的背景是什么呢？ 目前歷史學(xué)界普遍主張孝文帝改革的目的就是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)漢化，果真如此，其推行漢化 的目的是什么？北魏只為漢化推行改革嗎？一般來說，由中央推行的改革，都是為了富國 強(qiáng)兵，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)富國強(qiáng)兵，所有統(tǒng)治權(quán)力應(yīng)集中在中央。改革的成功和失敗與中央集權(quán)有 密切的關(guān)系。中央推進(jìn)改革的能力也與中央集權(quán)有密切的關(guān)系。本文從這一點(diǎn)來進(jìn)行研究。 中央并不意味著一個人。中央不僅僅是皇帝一個人。皇帝是中央的頂點(diǎn)，而不是中央 本身。中央是指以皇帝為中心的皇室和支持皇室存立的宗親和官吏集團(tuán)。過去研究普遍認(rèn) 為中央集權(quán)是指中央政治權(quán)力和地方勢力之間的政治隸屬關(guān)系。當(dāng)然應(yīng)該包括這一點(diǎn)。但 是為了擴(kuò)大中央政權(quán)的影響力，而在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化以及生活諸多方面展開的中 央集權(quán)的措施，，也是屬于中央集權(quán)的范疇。 當(dāng)中央控制地方時認(rèn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)了中央集權(quán)，相反中央不能控制地方則認(rèn)為是地方分權(quán)， 這種理解是片面的。在中國歷史上真正的中央集權(quán)或完整的地方分權(quán)，只限在很短的一段 時期，實(shí)際上其演變推移的過程，反而占據(jù)了大部分時間。因此，研究中央集權(quán)過程是有 利于把握一個王朝的變化和性質(zhì)，研究中央權(quán)力的變化發(fā)展過程是很有必要的而有價(jià)值的， 所以本文對中央集權(quán)的過程做了闡述。 本文試圖從中央集權(quán)的角度理解北魏政權(quán)。本文將北魏中央集權(quán)的變化過程及其特點(diǎn) 分為四大階段，進(jìn)行研究。主要論點(diǎn)： 第一章是以武力的方式初步確立中央集權(quán)的道武帝到太武帝時期：北魏初期政權(quán)通過武 力和有組織的軍事系統(tǒng)，擴(kuò)大支配領(lǐng)域與支配力量，而以戰(zhàn)掠物增加國家財(cái)富而擴(kuò)充統(tǒng)治 的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，軍事專政的色彩尚濃厚。逐漸實(shí)行雙重體制，建設(shè)政權(quán)。解散部落，分土定 居，徙民而計(jì)口受田，加強(qiáng)基層大眾的直接控制。為了要統(tǒng)治華北地區(qū)，需要漢族士人的 統(tǒng)治經(jīng)驗(yàn)，吸引漢人參政，利用他們加強(qiáng)對華北進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治。其過程中，也產(chǎn)生了不得不進(jìn) 行打擊漢人的情況。 第二章是通過改善用人體制，穩(wěn)定中央集權(quán)的文成帝和獻(xiàn)文帝時期：維持軍事方面的 穩(wěn)定，推行掌握舊官僚的措施，擴(kuò)大對地方權(quán)力的中央統(tǒng)治力度，使選舉得人，刷新吏治， 加強(qiáng)監(jiān)察，力圖作到上命下達(dá)，以擴(kuò)充朝廷的支配力量。 第三章是通過大舉改革，達(dá)到中央集權(quán)頂峰的孝文帝時期：大力推行改革措施，棒祿 制的實(shí)施有利于保護(hù)秉公守法的官吏和懲處違令的宮僚，有利于中央掌握官吏。均田制和 三長制用土地分配措施，把握基層民眾，將其歸入到國家的編戶齊民之中。遷洛是定都于 中原之中心，以利于擴(kuò)大統(tǒng)治力。以洛陽為中心重新選定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語是中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治的必 然程序。為適合中原氣候，北魏政權(quán)推行強(qiáng)制性服飾改革。同時國家強(qiáng)行推行的胡漢士人 階層秩序的重組，通過通婚的手段確立中央權(quán)威。按唯才是舉的原則，逐漸改革選舉制， 慎重選舉官吏。 第四章是中央集權(quán)日趨衰頹的宣武帝及其后時期：朝綱不振，在于委用非人，不可能 產(chǎn)生正確的決策，自然也不可能有清明的政治，也不可能存在有所作為的中央集權(quán)政府了。 停年格實(shí)施后，宮吏管理制度紊亂，削弱了中央的影響力，也加快了北魏的滅亡。身分低 賤、生活艱難的軍人，公開造反。原先賴以立國的強(qiáng)大軍事實(shí)力，己是戰(zhàn)斗力渙散，被野 心家利用，不再是由朝廷直接掌控的有效武裝力量。由是原來聲威強(qiáng)大的中央政權(quán)，迅速 陷于衰頹。
[Abstract]:The Northern Wei Dynasty was the first minority Dynasty to rule the Central Plains steadily for more than 100 years.
What about names, languages and costumes? No ruling nation in the history of the world has voluntarily given up the names of its own people
Family name and language, the precedent of accepting the surname and language of the ruling nation. Why did the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty suddenly implement it when it reached its peak
What is the background of implementing reform?
The purpose of the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to realize sinicization. If so, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to promote sinicization.
What was the purpose? Was the Northern Wei Dynasty only carrying out reforms for the Chinese culture? Generally speaking, the reforms carried out by the central government were all for the purpose of enriching the country.
In order to make the country rich and the army strong, all the governing power should be concentrated in the central government. The success and failure of the reform and the centralization of power have
The ability of the central government to promote reform is also closely related to centralization of power.
The center does not mean a person. The center is not just the emperor. The emperor is the apex of the center, not the center.
The central government refers to the imperial family centered around the emperor and the clan and official groups supporting the existence of the imperial family.
Centralization refers to the political affiliation between the central political power and the local forces. This should be included, of course.
In order to enlarge the influence of the central government, it is in the political, economic, social, cultural and many other aspects of life.
Centralization measures also belong to the centralization of power.
When the central government controls the localities, it thinks that centralization of power has been achieved, whereas when the central government cannot control the localities, it thinks that decentralization of power has been achieved.
This understanding is one-sided. True centralization or complete decentralization in Chinese history is limited to a very short period.
In fact, most of the time is occupied by the process of its evolution. Therefore, the study of the process of centralization is necessary.
It is necessary and valuable to grasp the change and nature of a dynasty and study the change and development process of central power.
So this article expounds the process of centralization.
This paper attempts to understand the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the perspective of centralization of power.
The research is divided into four stages.
The first chapter is the preliminary establishment of centralized Taoist Emperor Wudi to the Taiwudi period by means of force: the early Northern Wei Dynasty regime passed the armed forces
An organized military system that enlarges the sphere of domination and power, and enlarges the rule by increasing the wealth of the nation with prey.
The material foundation and the color of the military dictatorship are still strong. Gradually, a dual system will be implemented to build political power. Tribes will be dissolved and the soil will be divided.
To rule North China, the Han scholars are needed.
The experience of governing attracted the Han people to govern and made use of them to strengthen their rule over North China. In the process, the Han people had to enter the country.
We should fight against the Han people.
The second chapter is the period of Emperor Wencheng and Emperor Xianwen by improving the employment system and stabilizing the centralization of power: maintaining the military aspect
Stability, the implementation of measures to control the old bureaucracy, the expansion of the central rule of local power, so as to elect people, the renewal of bureaucracy,
We should strengthen supervision and strive to achieve the goal of expanding the ruling power of the court.
The third chapter is the period of Emperor Xiaowen who reached the peak of centralization through a large-scale reform: vigorously carrying out reform measures, sticking to luxury
The implementation of the system is conducive to the protection of impartial and law-abiding officials and the punishment of bureaucrats who violate the law. It is conducive to the central government to master the officials.
The three-long system of land allocation measures, grasp the grassroots people, put it into the country's households and the people.
The centre of the Central Plains is for the enlargement of dominance. It is necessary for the central authorities to re-select the new standard language with Luoyang as the centre.
However, in order to adapt to the climate of the Central Plains, the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out mandatory dress reform. At the same time, the state forcibly implemented the Hu Han scholars.
The reorganization of social order establishes the authority of the central government by means of intermarriage, and gradually reforms the electoral system in accordance with the principle of meritocracy.
Careful election of officials.
Chapter Four is the declining centralization of power of Emperor Xuanwu and the following period: the lack of dynasty, is to appoint non-human, impossible
Naturally, it is impossible to have a clear-cut politics and a centralized government capable of doing something when the right decisions are made.
After the implementation of the suspension period, the management system of imperial officials was disordered, which weakened the influence of the central government and accelerated the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The formerly powerful military strength on which the nation was founded was already weak in combat and wilded.
The use of the mind is no longer an effective armed force under the direct control of the court.
Fall into decay.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號】：K239.21
本文編號：2230117
[Abstract]:The Northern Wei Dynasty was the first minority Dynasty to rule the Central Plains steadily for more than 100 years.
What about names, languages and costumes? No ruling nation in the history of the world has voluntarily given up the names of its own people
Family name and language, the precedent of accepting the surname and language of the ruling nation. Why did the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty suddenly implement it when it reached its peak
What is the background of implementing reform?
The purpose of the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to realize sinicization. If so, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to promote sinicization.
What was the purpose? Was the Northern Wei Dynasty only carrying out reforms for the Chinese culture? Generally speaking, the reforms carried out by the central government were all for the purpose of enriching the country.
In order to make the country rich and the army strong, all the governing power should be concentrated in the central government. The success and failure of the reform and the centralization of power have
The ability of the central government to promote reform is also closely related to centralization of power.
The center does not mean a person. The center is not just the emperor. The emperor is the apex of the center, not the center.
The central government refers to the imperial family centered around the emperor and the clan and official groups supporting the existence of the imperial family.
Centralization refers to the political affiliation between the central political power and the local forces. This should be included, of course.
In order to enlarge the influence of the central government, it is in the political, economic, social, cultural and many other aspects of life.
Centralization measures also belong to the centralization of power.
When the central government controls the localities, it thinks that centralization of power has been achieved, whereas when the central government cannot control the localities, it thinks that decentralization of power has been achieved.
This understanding is one-sided. True centralization or complete decentralization in Chinese history is limited to a very short period.
In fact, most of the time is occupied by the process of its evolution. Therefore, the study of the process of centralization is necessary.
It is necessary and valuable to grasp the change and nature of a dynasty and study the change and development process of central power.
So this article expounds the process of centralization.
This paper attempts to understand the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the perspective of centralization of power.
The research is divided into four stages.
The first chapter is the preliminary establishment of centralized Taoist Emperor Wudi to the Taiwudi period by means of force: the early Northern Wei Dynasty regime passed the armed forces
An organized military system that enlarges the sphere of domination and power, and enlarges the rule by increasing the wealth of the nation with prey.
The material foundation and the color of the military dictatorship are still strong. Gradually, a dual system will be implemented to build political power. Tribes will be dissolved and the soil will be divided.
To rule North China, the Han scholars are needed.
The experience of governing attracted the Han people to govern and made use of them to strengthen their rule over North China. In the process, the Han people had to enter the country.
We should fight against the Han people.
The second chapter is the period of Emperor Wencheng and Emperor Xianwen by improving the employment system and stabilizing the centralization of power: maintaining the military aspect
Stability, the implementation of measures to control the old bureaucracy, the expansion of the central rule of local power, so as to elect people, the renewal of bureaucracy,
We should strengthen supervision and strive to achieve the goal of expanding the ruling power of the court.
The third chapter is the period of Emperor Xiaowen who reached the peak of centralization through a large-scale reform: vigorously carrying out reform measures, sticking to luxury
The implementation of the system is conducive to the protection of impartial and law-abiding officials and the punishment of bureaucrats who violate the law. It is conducive to the central government to master the officials.
The three-long system of land allocation measures, grasp the grassroots people, put it into the country's households and the people.
The centre of the Central Plains is for the enlargement of dominance. It is necessary for the central authorities to re-select the new standard language with Luoyang as the centre.
However, in order to adapt to the climate of the Central Plains, the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out mandatory dress reform. At the same time, the state forcibly implemented the Hu Han scholars.
The reorganization of social order establishes the authority of the central government by means of intermarriage, and gradually reforms the electoral system in accordance with the principle of meritocracy.
Careful election of officials.
Chapter Four is the declining centralization of power of Emperor Xuanwu and the following period: the lack of dynasty, is to appoint non-human, impossible
Naturally, it is impossible to have a clear-cut politics and a centralized government capable of doing something when the right decisions are made.
After the implementation of the suspension period, the management system of imperial officials was disordered, which weakened the influence of the central government and accelerated the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The formerly powerful military strength on which the nation was founded was already weak in combat and wilded.
The use of the mind is no longer an effective armed force under the direct control of the court.
Fall into decay.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號】：K239.21
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前4條
1 魏志靜;北魏刑事法律初探[D];中國政法大學(xué);2004年
2 袁方;略論北魏的宗王政策[D];鄭州大學(xué);2006年
3 崔智勇;《北魏律》倫理思想研究[D];重慶師范大學(xué);2008年
4 王曄;北魏國家物質(zhì)賞賜考略[D];吉林大學(xué);2012年
本文編號：2230117
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