宋朝廂軍若干問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-26 20:00
【摘要】： 廂軍本為五代時期能征慣戰(zhàn)的“藩鎮(zhèn)之兵”。北宋初年,趙匡胤在加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)的過程中,采用“收其精兵”的方略,把廂軍中的精銳擴(kuò)充到禁軍中去,同時又奉行“養(yǎng)兵”政策,保留了廂軍這一舊有的軍隊(duì)組織形式,形成了北宋正規(guī)軍獨(dú)特的“禁軍——廂軍”二元組織結(jié)構(gòu)。在這個過程中,廂軍由五代時期的藩鎮(zhèn)之兵變?yōu)閲艺?由強(qiáng)悍之兵變?yōu)槎倘踔?由征戰(zhàn)之兵變?yōu)榧啾N于一體的功能繁多、構(gòu)成復(fù)雜的軍隊(duì),成為為宋朝社會政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度服務(wù)的工具。 廂軍在宋朝特別是在北宋時期,是一支不可忽視的軍事力量,它不僅是宋初組建禁軍的重要基礎(chǔ),而且是以后禁軍擴(kuò)充的重要兵源,也是吸納不合格禁軍的重要載體。北宋時期,廂軍和禁軍是緊密相連、互相依存、不可分割的整體,廂軍的存在為募兵制條件下的禁軍建設(shè)提供了有利條件。除了“業(yè)壹事專”的役兵外,作為“諸州之鎮(zhèn)兵”的廂軍,一般都具有軍事職能,承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的防御和戍守任務(wù)。北宋中期以前,廂軍也實(shí)行更戍制度,東南地區(qū)廂軍的更戍較為普遍,補(bǔ)充了這一地區(qū)禁軍力量的不足；元豐以前,廂軍是巡檢系統(tǒng)中的基本軍事力量之一,發(fā)揮了維護(hù)地方治安的作用。廂軍對外防御和對內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)壓的軍事職能,在一些具體戰(zhàn)例中得到了程度不同的體現(xiàn)。由于廂軍疏于教閱,常常被用于各種工役,從總體上看,其軍事職能的發(fā)揮情況南宋不及北宋,而且在北宋不如禁軍,在南宋不如屯駐大軍。 廂軍是中國古代特有的兵種,其獨(dú)特之處就在于這支軍隊(duì)“類多給役”,被廣泛應(yīng)用于城防設(shè)施建設(shè)、治河、遞鋪、官營手工業(yè)生產(chǎn)等領(lǐng)域,其中的壯城兵、遞鋪兵、河清兵、捍江兵、開江兵、堰軍以及官營手工業(yè)中的修造、壯役、清務(wù)、錢監(jiān)、萬全指揮等專業(yè)兵種,在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了骨干作用,而這些領(lǐng)域的工役在前代主要是靠無償征發(fā)民力來完成的。在宋代,以廂軍從事多種工役不僅是朝廷的既定政策,而且大體上為各級官員所奉行,如在治河、修城等耗費(fèi)勞動力巨大的工役中,單獨(dú)使用廂軍完成任務(wù)的官員往往受到褒獎,主張役使廂軍的計(jì)劃往往得到批準(zhǔn)和支持,役使民力的計(jì)劃有時會被否定,役使民力的工役往往受到抨擊。廂軍的存在,的確減少了對農(nóng)民力役的不時征調(diào),有利于減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān),緩和社會矛盾,發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)。 宋朝的廂軍就其成分而言,除了破產(chǎn)失業(yè)的社會群體以外,大量的罪犯也被發(fā)配其中,廂軍中的牢城兵基本上由配軍組成。從勞役角度觀察,廂軍制度具有強(qiáng)制性和剝削性。宋朝統(tǒng)治者為了強(qiáng)化社會管理,以軍隊(duì)的形式控制破產(chǎn)失業(yè)的社會群體和罪犯,驅(qū)使他們從事各種勞役,實(shí)際上是以一種勞役形式替代另一種勞役形式,以一種剝削形式掩蓋另一種剝削形式,只不過比之于直接驅(qū)使農(nóng)民從事勞役具有一定的隱蔽性罷了。因此,廂軍制度掩蓋了封建國家奴役和剝削人民的本質(zhì),具有一定的欺騙性。廂軍雖然有一定的軍俸、補(bǔ)貼和賞賜,但常常受到各級官員的盤剝,在急難險重的工役中,疾病和死亡更是在所難免。 廂軍制度是宋朝特定政治經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的產(chǎn)物。保留廂軍這一軍隊(duì)組織形式,是宋初統(tǒng)治者穩(wěn)定藩鎮(zhèn)舊兵,緩和社會矛盾的舉措,而宋初統(tǒng)治者募兵弭盜的思想則為廂軍制度的存在提供了思想條件；中唐以后迄于宋代,土地私有制、租佃關(guān)系和雇募關(guān)系的普遍發(fā)展,農(nóng)民和手工業(yè)者對于國家人身依附關(guān)系的削弱,是廂軍制度存在的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)根源。這些交織的復(fù)雜因素,使得廂軍這一軍隊(duì)組織形式在宋朝長期存在。如果僅僅從從軍事制度上觀察,廂軍制度的確不是善制。但值得注意的是,宋朝統(tǒng)治者在新的歷史條件下,第一次大規(guī)模地長期將軍隊(duì)的組織形式同封建的生產(chǎn)方式(直接表現(xiàn)為官營手工業(yè))相結(jié)合,同社會公共事務(wù)管理相結(jié)合,強(qiáng)化了封建政府的基本職能,收效較為明顯。這從一個側(cè)面反映了唐宋變革之際政府履行職能方式的變化。 宋朝以后,廂軍制度在整體上不復(fù)存在,但與廂軍職能相類似的軍種卻在中國以后的封建社會中以不同的名目長期存在,只不過在規(guī)模和職能所及范圍上遠(yuǎn)不如宋代罷了。綜觀古今中外的軍隊(duì),其職能呈現(xiàn)出由單一的軍事職能向以軍事職能為主多種職能并存的方向發(fā)展,相應(yīng)地出現(xiàn)了多種名目的專業(yè)兵,近代以來尤其如此,而這種變化最早全面地在宋朝廂軍制度中得以體現(xiàn)。盡管我們不能斷定這種變化來源于宋朝廂軍制度,至少來說,認(rèn)真研究廂軍制度對當(dāng)代軍事制度和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)仍然具有不可忽視的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, adopted the strategy of "collecting its soldiers" in the process of strengthening centralization in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and extended the elite of the army to the forbidden army. At the same time, he pursued the policy of "raising soldiers", and retained the old military organizational form of the army, forming the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this process, in this process, the military change of the fan town in the five generation period is the national army, from the strong military change to the short and weak army, and from the war of war to the integration of many kinds of troops, constitute a complex army, and become a tool for serving the social and political and economic system of the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, especially during the Northern Song Dynasty, the army was an important military force that could not be ignored. It was not only an important basis for the establishment of the forbidden army in the early Song Dynasty, but also an important military source for the expansion of the army in the future. It was also an important carrier to absorb the unqualified troops. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the box army and the forbidden army were closely connected, interdependent, inseparable, and the army. There was a favorable condition for the construction of the army under the condition of the system of raising the army. In addition to the "one" military service, the box army, as the "town soldier of the state", generally had military functions and assumed the corresponding defense and garrison tasks. Before the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the army also carried out the garrison system, and the garrison in the southeast region was more common and added. Before Yuan Feng, the box army was one of the basic military forces in the inspection system, and played the role of maintaining local security. The military functions of the army's foreign defense and the internal repression were different in some specific cases. On the whole, the military function of the Southern Song Dynasty was not as good as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The unique feature of the army is the ancient Chinese army, whose unique features lie in the army "multi service", which is widely used in the construction of city defense facilities, river management, delivery, and handicraft industrial production, among which the Zhuang Cheng soldiers, the delivery soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the weir army and the official camp industry, and the military service, the Qing, the Qian Jian, and the army. The full command and other professional armed forces played a key role in the related fields, and the former generation in these fields was accomplished mainly by the unpaid collection of civilian power. In the Song Dynasty, it was not only the established policy of the court, but also in general for officials at all levels, for example, the huge labor service, such as the river management and the repair of the city, in the Song Dynasty. In the middle, the officials who use the box army to accomplish the task are often praised, and the plan of the army is often approved and supported. The plan of the working force is sometimes denied, and the working service is often attacked. The existence of the box army does reduce the frequent requisition of the peasants' active service, which is beneficial to lighten the burdens of the peasants and ease the society. Contradictions, the development of social production.
In terms of the composition of the Song Dynasty, a large number of criminals were also sent apart from the social groups that were bankrupt and unemployed, and the prison soldiers in the box army were basically composed of military forces. From the angle of servitude, the army system was mandatory and exploited. In order to strengthen the management of the society, the rulers of the Song Dynasty controlled the society of bankruptcy and unemployment in the form of army. The groups and criminals, which drive them to work in various types of labour, actually replace another form of servitude in one form of labour, and cover up another form of exploitation in a form of exploitation, only a certain concealment than directly driving the peasants to engage in labour. Therefore, the box army system conceals the slavery and exploiters of the feudal state. The essence of the people has a certain deceitful nature. Although the army has certain military salaries, subsidies and rewards, it is often exploited by officials at all levels. In the urgent and dangerous work, the disease and death are unavoidable.
The army system was the product of the special political and economic conditions of the Song Dynasty. The organizational form of the reservation of the army was a measure of stabilizing the old soldiers and alleviating social contradictions by the rulers of Song Chu, while the thoughts of the rulers in the early Song Dynasty provided the ideological conditions for the existence of the army system; after the middle Tang Dynasty, the land private system and tenancy were in the Song Dynasty. The general development of relations and employment relations, the weakening of the dependency relationship between the peasants and the handicraftsmen, is the social and economic root of the existence of the box army system. These complex factors make the military organization form in the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty for a long time. If only from the military system, the box army system is indeed not a good system. However, it is worth noting that, under the new historical conditions, the first large-scale long-term general organization of the Song Dynasty was combined with the feudal mode of production (the direct performance of the official handicraft industry), combined with the public affairs management of the society, and strengthened the basic function of the feudal government, which was reflected more clearly. This was reflected from one side. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the way the government performed its functions changed.
After the Song Dynasty, the system of the box army had not existed on the whole, but the military kind similar to the box army's function existed for a long time in the feudal society after China. It was only far less than the Song Dynasty in the scope and function of the army. The functions of the army in the ancient and modern times showed a single military function to the military. In the direction of the coexistence of functions and functions, a variety of famous professional soldiers have appeared, especially in modern times. This change was first fully reflected in the Song Dynasty box army system. Although we can't conclude that this kind of change comes from the Song Dynasty box army system, at least, carefully study the box army system to the contemporary military. System and army building still have a significant reference value.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：E292;K244
本文編號：2147132
[Abstract]:In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, adopted the strategy of "collecting its soldiers" in the process of strengthening centralization in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and extended the elite of the army to the forbidden army. At the same time, he pursued the policy of "raising soldiers", and retained the old military organizational form of the army, forming the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this process, in this process, the military change of the fan town in the five generation period is the national army, from the strong military change to the short and weak army, and from the war of war to the integration of many kinds of troops, constitute a complex army, and become a tool for serving the social and political and economic system of the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, especially during the Northern Song Dynasty, the army was an important military force that could not be ignored. It was not only an important basis for the establishment of the forbidden army in the early Song Dynasty, but also an important military source for the expansion of the army in the future. It was also an important carrier to absorb the unqualified troops. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the box army and the forbidden army were closely connected, interdependent, inseparable, and the army. There was a favorable condition for the construction of the army under the condition of the system of raising the army. In addition to the "one" military service, the box army, as the "town soldier of the state", generally had military functions and assumed the corresponding defense and garrison tasks. Before the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the army also carried out the garrison system, and the garrison in the southeast region was more common and added. Before Yuan Feng, the box army was one of the basic military forces in the inspection system, and played the role of maintaining local security. The military functions of the army's foreign defense and the internal repression were different in some specific cases. On the whole, the military function of the Southern Song Dynasty was not as good as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The unique feature of the army is the ancient Chinese army, whose unique features lie in the army "multi service", which is widely used in the construction of city defense facilities, river management, delivery, and handicraft industrial production, among which the Zhuang Cheng soldiers, the delivery soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the weir army and the official camp industry, and the military service, the Qing, the Qian Jian, and the army. The full command and other professional armed forces played a key role in the related fields, and the former generation in these fields was accomplished mainly by the unpaid collection of civilian power. In the Song Dynasty, it was not only the established policy of the court, but also in general for officials at all levels, for example, the huge labor service, such as the river management and the repair of the city, in the Song Dynasty. In the middle, the officials who use the box army to accomplish the task are often praised, and the plan of the army is often approved and supported. The plan of the working force is sometimes denied, and the working service is often attacked. The existence of the box army does reduce the frequent requisition of the peasants' active service, which is beneficial to lighten the burdens of the peasants and ease the society. Contradictions, the development of social production.
In terms of the composition of the Song Dynasty, a large number of criminals were also sent apart from the social groups that were bankrupt and unemployed, and the prison soldiers in the box army were basically composed of military forces. From the angle of servitude, the army system was mandatory and exploited. In order to strengthen the management of the society, the rulers of the Song Dynasty controlled the society of bankruptcy and unemployment in the form of army. The groups and criminals, which drive them to work in various types of labour, actually replace another form of servitude in one form of labour, and cover up another form of exploitation in a form of exploitation, only a certain concealment than directly driving the peasants to engage in labour. Therefore, the box army system conceals the slavery and exploiters of the feudal state. The essence of the people has a certain deceitful nature. Although the army has certain military salaries, subsidies and rewards, it is often exploited by officials at all levels. In the urgent and dangerous work, the disease and death are unavoidable.
The army system was the product of the special political and economic conditions of the Song Dynasty. The organizational form of the reservation of the army was a measure of stabilizing the old soldiers and alleviating social contradictions by the rulers of Song Chu, while the thoughts of the rulers in the early Song Dynasty provided the ideological conditions for the existence of the army system; after the middle Tang Dynasty, the land private system and tenancy were in the Song Dynasty. The general development of relations and employment relations, the weakening of the dependency relationship between the peasants and the handicraftsmen, is the social and economic root of the existence of the box army system. These complex factors make the military organization form in the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty for a long time. If only from the military system, the box army system is indeed not a good system. However, it is worth noting that, under the new historical conditions, the first large-scale long-term general organization of the Song Dynasty was combined with the feudal mode of production (the direct performance of the official handicraft industry), combined with the public affairs management of the society, and strengthened the basic function of the feudal government, which was reflected more clearly. This was reflected from one side. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the way the government performed its functions changed.
After the Song Dynasty, the system of the box army had not existed on the whole, but the military kind similar to the box army's function existed for a long time in the feudal society after China. It was only far less than the Song Dynasty in the scope and function of the army. The functions of the army in the ancient and modern times showed a single military function to the military. In the direction of the coexistence of functions and functions, a variety of famous professional soldiers have appeared, especially in modern times. This change was first fully reflected in the Song Dynasty box army system. Although we can't conclude that this kind of change comes from the Song Dynasty box army system, at least, carefully study the box army system to the contemporary military. System and army building still have a significant reference value.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：E292;K244
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