十六至十八世紀(jì)婢女生存狀態(tài)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-25 16:26
【摘要】： 婢女是中國古代社會(huì)的一個(gè)特殊女性群體。十六至十八世紀(jì),婢女顯現(xiàn)出一系列值得關(guān)注的特征。其身份、地位以及獨(dú)特的社會(huì)角色和生存策略都構(gòu)成這個(gè)時(shí)代女性和社會(huì)史中的重要課題。著眼于對(duì)婢女生存狀態(tài)的研究,可以進(jìn)一步深入理解婢女階層多樣化和多層化的面貌。從女性史的角度來看,對(duì)婢女階層的研究,還有助于推動(dòng)中國婦女史領(lǐng)域關(guān)于下層?jì)D女的研究。從社會(huì)史意義上講,對(duì)婢女群體進(jìn)行全面系統(tǒng)的研究對(duì)于深化理解明清時(shí)期的“賤民”生存狀況也具有重要意義。本文在盡量吸收學(xué)術(shù)界已有研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,分六章對(duì)十六至十八世紀(jì)婢女生存狀態(tài)進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)化的分析。 第一章“女性的生存空間”。本章概括了十六至十八世紀(jì)影響“良家”女淪為婢女的幾個(gè)重要時(shí)代因素。商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮不僅模糊了以往良賤等級(jí)的界限,刺激了奢侈之風(fēng)的盛行,而且還沖擊了原本就很脆弱的女性棲身的小家庭,造成女性向家外流動(dòng)的傾向。然而,商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮并沒有為女性開拓出更廣泛的謀生空間,反而因生產(chǎn)勞作的專門化、技術(shù)化將相當(dāng)數(shù)量的女性擠出傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)勞作的范疇。同時(shí),女性居家意識(shí)的盛行與強(qiáng)化也在人們的思想觀念層面上束縛著女性進(jìn)入社會(huì)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的動(dòng)向。 第二章“婢女?dāng)?shù)量的增長態(tài)勢(shì)及其成因”。本章通過考察社會(huì)各階層廣泛存在的蓄婢情況及女性成為婢女的主要途徑,從整體上勾勒出當(dāng)時(shí)婢女?dāng)?shù)量增多的趨勢(shì)。關(guān)于成因,首先從生存重壓的角度指出土地兼并、官府橫征暴斂、高利貸盤剝和清初奴隸制殘余向內(nèi)地?cái)U(kuò)展四個(gè)方面論述了婢女?dāng)?shù)量增多的原因。其次,從女性性別角度,指出在商品經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激下扭曲的男尊女卑觀念、社會(huì)的奢靡風(fēng)氣以及從事買賣婢女活動(dòng)的專業(yè)團(tuán)伙和中介人三個(gè)因素對(duì)婢女?dāng)?shù)量增多產(chǎn)生了推動(dòng)作用。再次,對(duì)小家庭賣女為婢的行為進(jìn)行分析,指出其實(shí)質(zhì)是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)重壓下的倫理道德變異。 第三章“婢女的社會(huì)定位與生存境遇”。本章著重探討婢女的生存實(shí)態(tài),力求全面、深入地反映婢女生活的全貌。首先從國家法律條文與私人家規(guī)兩個(gè)方面勾勒出關(guān)于婢女生存的大框架。然后圍繞婢女的類型、角色以及生存境遇三個(gè)方面考察婢女的具體生活情況,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)婢女所扮演的勞動(dòng)者這一總角色下還可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分出多種角色。同時(shí),婢女的生存境遇也會(huì)根據(jù)其在主家中的類型與扮演的角色不同而存在差異與分化。 第四章“婢女的婚姻狀況”。本章對(duì)婢女婚姻的豐富內(nèi)涵、法律文本中的相關(guān)規(guī)定、主家的實(shí)施過程以及婢女婚姻實(shí)態(tài)四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行細(xì)致考察,展現(xiàn)出婢女婚姻與婢女角色變動(dòng)的情況,以及婢女婚姻的特異性與多重動(dòng)向并生的特征。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),婚姻對(duì)婢女而言,既可能是向普通女性通常結(jié)婚生子人生軌跡的回歸,也可能是向高等級(jí)家庭流動(dòng)并改變其自身卑微身份的途徑。 第五章“‘義婢’研究”。本章分別從社會(huì)存在與文本建構(gòu)形象兩個(gè)層面對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)所謂的“義婢”進(jìn)行研究。從對(duì)“義婢”概念的界定、類型與原因三個(gè)方面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)存在的“義婢”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行剖析,指出“義婢”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生是外界“重義”輿論導(dǎo)向與婢女主觀方面所存在的自我認(rèn)同、自我變異等因素共同作用的結(jié)果。從文人對(duì)塑造“義婢”形象的熱情以及“義婢”形象所表現(xiàn)出的時(shí)代特征可以看出,文人欲借“義婢”形象來挽救當(dāng)時(shí)主婢關(guān)系日益消融的頹勢(shì)以及規(guī)范兩性關(guān)系的目的。本章提出,十六至十八世紀(jì)的“義婢”在相當(dāng)程度上可視為由官方倡導(dǎo)以及士人為應(yīng)對(duì)主婢矛盾激化而對(duì)“義婢”采用強(qiáng)化的特寫方式造成的。 第六章“關(guān)于婢女的社會(huì)思想——以訓(xùn)誡語中的馭婢觀念為例”。本章以反映士人觀念最為集中的訓(xùn)誡語為主體資料管窺當(dāng)時(shí)有關(guān)婢女的社會(huì)思想。訓(xùn)誡語中既有“謹(jǐn)防酷訓(xùn)”防范婢女的消極主張,也有“待婢以寬”提倡主婢之間寬容與溝通的積極方式。其中“寬婢”思想與儒家提倡的“道德救時(shí)”傳統(tǒng)一脈相承。但這種秩序規(guī)范的具體實(shí)踐可操作性當(dāng)然與其理想的主婢秩序穩(wěn)定化的預(yù)設(shè)目標(biāo)相差甚遠(yuǎn)。 結(jié)論部分在總結(jié)本論文研究所得出的各項(xiàng)基本結(jié)論之外,進(jìn)一步指出:十六至十八世紀(jì)的婢女現(xiàn)象反映出商品經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮對(duì)女性人身依附關(guān)系的強(qiáng)化,社會(huì)分層的復(fù)雜性以及奴隸制因素在中國古代社會(huì)的長期存在。同時(shí),社會(huì)史與女性視角結(jié)合的研究方法對(duì)考察其他階層?jì)D女也具有方法論意義。
[Abstract]:Maidservant is a special female group in ancient Chinese society. From sixteen to eighteenth Century, the maidservant showed a series of characteristics worthy of attention. Its identity, status, unique social role and survival strategy all constitute an important topic in the history of women and society in this era. From the perspective of female history, the study of the maidservant class also helps to promote the study of the lower women in the field of Chinese women's history. In the sense of social history, a comprehensive and systematic study of the maidservant group is to deeply understand the living conditions of the "pariah" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is of great significance. On the basis of absorbing the existing research achievements in the academic world, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the survival status of maidservant in six chapters from sixteen to eighteenth Century.
The first chapter is "the living space of women". This chapter summarizes several important times factors that affect the "good family" female as a maidservant from sixteen to eighteenth Century. The prosperity of the commodity economy has not only blurred the boundaries of the former good grades, but also stimulated the prevalence of the luxury of luxury, but also the impact of a small family of the original fragile female. However, the prosperity of the commodity economy has not opened up a broader space for women to make a living. On the contrary, a considerable number of women are squeezed out of the category of traditional social labor because of the specialization of production labor. At the same time, the prevalence and strengthening of women's home consciousness are also bound by the people's ideological and ideological level. The movement of women into the field of social production.
The second chapter "the growth situation and the cause of the number of maidservants". This chapter outlines the trend of the increase in the number of maidservants from the whole of the social strata and the main ways for women to become maidservants. The reasons for the increase of the number of maidservants were discussed in four aspects of the expansion of the remnants of slavery and the expansion of slavery to the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty. Secondly, from the perspective of female sex, it was pointed out that the concept of "men and women" under the stimulus of commodity economy, the luxurious atmosphere of the society and the three factors of the professional gangs and intermediaries engaged in the trade and maidservant activities increased the number of maidservants. Once again, the analysis of the behavior of a small family selling a girl to a servant girl shows that its essence is a moral and moral variation under economic pressure.
The third chapter, "the social position and the living situation of the maidservant". This chapter focuses on the existence of maidservant's existence, strives for a comprehensive and thorough reflection of the whole picture of the maidservant's life. First, it outlines the big frame about the survival of the maidservant from two aspects of the national legal provisions and private family rules. And then, there are three sides around the type of maidservant, the role and the situation of survival. In view of the specific life situation of the maidservant, it is found that a number of roles can be further subdivided under the general role of the labourer who is played by the maidservant. At the same time, the survival situation of the maidservant will also be differentiated and differentiated according to the different types and roles played by the maidservant.
The fourth chapter "the marital status of the maidservant". This chapter examines the rich connotation of the maidservant marriage, the relevant provisions in the legal text, the implementation process of the master and the four aspects of the maidservant's marriage, showing the changes in the role of the maidservant marriage and maidservant, as well as the characteristics of the marriage of maidservant and the multiple trends of the maidservant. It is found that marriage to a maidservant may be a return to the common woman's life path, or a way to move to a high grade family and change his own humble identity.
The fifth chapter "the study of" the "righteous maidservant". This chapter studies the so-called "righteous maidservant" from two layers of social existence and text construction image. From the definition, type and reason of the concept of "righteous maidservant", the phenomenon of "righteous maidservant" is analyzed in three aspects, indicating that the occurrence of the "righteous maidservant" phenomenon is the external "heavy meaning". It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the literati to shape the image of the "righteous maidservant" and the characteristics of the "righteous maidservant" image that the literati want to save the declining trend of the relationship between the maidservant and the maidservant at that time. This chapter puts forward that the "maidservant" from sixteen to eighteenth Century can be considered to be caused by the official initiating and the intensive special style of the "righteous maidservant" by the officials and the scholars in response to the contradiction between the master and the maidservant.
The sixth chapter "the social thought of the maidservant: Taking the idea of maidservant in the admonition as an example". This chapter, taking the most concentrated admonition of the ideas of the scholars as the main material, examines the social thought of the maidservant at that time. The admonition language not only has the negative opinion of "Beware of cool training" to guard against the maidservant, but also advocates the master maidservant between the maidservant and the maidservant. In the positive way of tolerance and communication, the idea of "wide maidservant" is in the same vein as the tradition of "moral salvation" advocated by Confucianism. However, the practical operability of this order of order is of course far from the desired goal of stabilizing the order of the ideal master maidservant.
The conclusion, in addition to the basic conclusions of the study, further points out that the maidservant phenomenon from sixteen to eighteenth Century reflects the strengthening of the economic prosperity of the commodity, the complexity of the social stratification and the long-term existence of slavery in the ancient Chinese society. The research method of angular combination has methodological significance for the inspection of women in other classes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K248
本文編號(hào)：2144387
[Abstract]:Maidservant is a special female group in ancient Chinese society. From sixteen to eighteenth Century, the maidservant showed a series of characteristics worthy of attention. Its identity, status, unique social role and survival strategy all constitute an important topic in the history of women and society in this era. From the perspective of female history, the study of the maidservant class also helps to promote the study of the lower women in the field of Chinese women's history. In the sense of social history, a comprehensive and systematic study of the maidservant group is to deeply understand the living conditions of the "pariah" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is of great significance. On the basis of absorbing the existing research achievements in the academic world, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the survival status of maidservant in six chapters from sixteen to eighteenth Century.
The first chapter is "the living space of women". This chapter summarizes several important times factors that affect the "good family" female as a maidservant from sixteen to eighteenth Century. The prosperity of the commodity economy has not only blurred the boundaries of the former good grades, but also stimulated the prevalence of the luxury of luxury, but also the impact of a small family of the original fragile female. However, the prosperity of the commodity economy has not opened up a broader space for women to make a living. On the contrary, a considerable number of women are squeezed out of the category of traditional social labor because of the specialization of production labor. At the same time, the prevalence and strengthening of women's home consciousness are also bound by the people's ideological and ideological level. The movement of women into the field of social production.
The second chapter "the growth situation and the cause of the number of maidservants". This chapter outlines the trend of the increase in the number of maidservants from the whole of the social strata and the main ways for women to become maidservants. The reasons for the increase of the number of maidservants were discussed in four aspects of the expansion of the remnants of slavery and the expansion of slavery to the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty. Secondly, from the perspective of female sex, it was pointed out that the concept of "men and women" under the stimulus of commodity economy, the luxurious atmosphere of the society and the three factors of the professional gangs and intermediaries engaged in the trade and maidservant activities increased the number of maidservants. Once again, the analysis of the behavior of a small family selling a girl to a servant girl shows that its essence is a moral and moral variation under economic pressure.
The third chapter, "the social position and the living situation of the maidservant". This chapter focuses on the existence of maidservant's existence, strives for a comprehensive and thorough reflection of the whole picture of the maidservant's life. First, it outlines the big frame about the survival of the maidservant from two aspects of the national legal provisions and private family rules. And then, there are three sides around the type of maidservant, the role and the situation of survival. In view of the specific life situation of the maidservant, it is found that a number of roles can be further subdivided under the general role of the labourer who is played by the maidservant. At the same time, the survival situation of the maidservant will also be differentiated and differentiated according to the different types and roles played by the maidservant.
The fourth chapter "the marital status of the maidservant". This chapter examines the rich connotation of the maidservant marriage, the relevant provisions in the legal text, the implementation process of the master and the four aspects of the maidservant's marriage, showing the changes in the role of the maidservant marriage and maidservant, as well as the characteristics of the marriage of maidservant and the multiple trends of the maidservant. It is found that marriage to a maidservant may be a return to the common woman's life path, or a way to move to a high grade family and change his own humble identity.
The fifth chapter "the study of" the "righteous maidservant". This chapter studies the so-called "righteous maidservant" from two layers of social existence and text construction image. From the definition, type and reason of the concept of "righteous maidservant", the phenomenon of "righteous maidservant" is analyzed in three aspects, indicating that the occurrence of the "righteous maidservant" phenomenon is the external "heavy meaning". It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the literati to shape the image of the "righteous maidservant" and the characteristics of the "righteous maidservant" image that the literati want to save the declining trend of the relationship between the maidservant and the maidservant at that time. This chapter puts forward that the "maidservant" from sixteen to eighteenth Century can be considered to be caused by the official initiating and the intensive special style of the "righteous maidservant" by the officials and the scholars in response to the contradiction between the master and the maidservant.
The sixth chapter "the social thought of the maidservant: Taking the idea of maidservant in the admonition as an example". This chapter, taking the most concentrated admonition of the ideas of the scholars as the main material, examines the social thought of the maidservant at that time. The admonition language not only has the negative opinion of "Beware of cool training" to guard against the maidservant, but also advocates the master maidservant between the maidservant and the maidservant. In the positive way of tolerance and communication, the idea of "wide maidservant" is in the same vein as the tradition of "moral salvation" advocated by Confucianism. However, the practical operability of this order of order is of course far from the desired goal of stabilizing the order of the ideal master maidservant.
The conclusion, in addition to the basic conclusions of the study, further points out that the maidservant phenomenon from sixteen to eighteenth Century reflects the strengthening of the economic prosperity of the commodity, the complexity of the social stratification and the long-term existence of slavery in the ancient Chinese society. The research method of angular combination has methodological significance for the inspection of women in other classes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K248
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 盧忠?guī)?明清社會(huì)賤民階層研究[D];山東師范大學(xué);2010年
2 李婷婷;清代文言小說中的婢女形象研究[D];蘇州大學(xué);2012年
3 張昂霄;明清“三姑六婆”群體研究[D];東北師范大學(xué);2012年
，本文編號(hào)：2144387
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